01826nas a2200217   4500008004100000022001400041245004200055210004100097260002000138300002400158490000600182520116800188653001401356653000901370653001701379653001501396653001601411100001901427700002101446856014101467       2013                        eng d  a1744-956100aHawkmoths produce anti-bat ultrasound0 aHawkmoths produce antibat ultrasound  cNov-20-20132082  a20130161 - 201301610 v93 a<p>Bats and moths have been engaged in aerial warfare for nearly 65 Myr. This arms race has produced a suite of counter-adaptations in moths, including bat-detecting ears. One set of defensive strategies involves the active production of sound; tiger moths&#39; ultrasonic replies to bat attack have been shown to startle bats, warn the predators of bad taste and jam their biosonar. Here, we report that hawkmoths in the Choerocampina produce entirely ultrasonic sounds in response to tactile stimulation and the playback of biosonar attack sequences. Males do so by grating modified scraper scales on the outer surface of the genital valves against the inner margin of the last abdominal tergum. Preliminary data indicate that females also produce ultrasound to touch and playback of echolocation attack, but they do so with an entirely different mechanism. The anti-bat function of these sounds is unknown but might include startling, cross-family acoustic mimicry, warning of unprofitability or physical defence and/or jamming of echolocation. Hawkmoths present a novel and tractable system to study both the function and evolution of anti-bat defences.</p>
10aarms race10abats10aecholocation10aSphingidae10asphinx moth1 aBarber, J., R.1 aKawahara, A., Y.  uhttp://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0161https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0161