03115nas a2200193 4500008004100000245017600041210006900217520242600286653002102712653001502733653001502748653001902763653001502782100001502797700002602812700002202838700002402860856003702884 2021 eng d00aRapid coral reef assessment using 3D modelling and acoustics: acoustic indices correlate to fish abundance, diversity and environmental indicators in West Papua, Indonesia0 aRapid coral reef assessment using 3D modelling and acoustics aco3 a

Background
Providing coral reef systems with the greatest chance of survival requires effective assessment and monitoring to guide management at a range of scales from community to government. The development of rapid monitoring approaches amenable to collection at community level, yet recognised by policymakers, remains a challenge. Technologies can increase the scope of data collection. Two promising visual and audio approaches are (i) 3D habitat models, generated through photogrammetry from video footage, providing assessment of coral cover structural metrics and (ii) audio, from which acoustic indices shown to correlate to vertebrate and invertebrate diversity, can be extracted.

Methods
We collected audio and video imagery using low cost underwater cameras (GoPro Hero7™) from 34 reef samples from West Papua (Indonesia). Using photogrammetry one camera was used to generate 3D models of 4 m2 reef, the other was used to estimate fish abundance and collect audio to generate acoustic indices. We investigated relationships between acoustic metrics, fish abundance/diversity/functional groups, live coral cover and reef structural metrics.

Results
Generalized linear modelling identified significant but weak correlations between live coral cover and structural metrics extracted from 3D models and stronger relationships between live coral and fish abundance. Acoustic indices correlated to fish abundance, species richness and reef functional metrics associated with overfishing and algal control. Acoustic Evenness (1,200–11,000 Hz) and Root Mean Square RMS (100–1,200 Hz) were the best individual predictors overall suggesting traditional bioacoustic indices, providing information on sound energy and the variability in sound levels in specific frequency bands, can contribute to reef assessment.

Conclusion
Acoustics and 3D modelling contribute to low-cost, rapid reef assessment tools, amenable to community-level data collection, and generate information for coral reef management. Future work should explore whether 3D models of standardised transects and acoustic indices generated from low cost underwater cameras can replicate or support ‘gold standard’ reef assessment methodologies recognised by policy makers in marine management.

10aacoustic indices10acoral reef10amonitoring10aPhotogrammetry10aSoundscape1 aPeck, Mika1 aTapilatu, Ricardo, F.1 aKurniati, Eveline1 aRosado, Christopher uhttps://peerj.com/articles/1076102011nas a2200181 4500008004100000245006900041210006900110520144700179653001701626653002601643653001501669653001901684653001801703100002301721700001901744700002501763856004101788 2019 eng d00aBioacoustic monitoring of animal vocal behavior for conservation0 aBioacoustic monitoring of animal vocal behavior for conservation3 a

The popularity of bioacoustics for threatened species monitoring has surged. Large volumes of acoustic data can be collected autonomously and remotely with minimal human effort. The approach is commonly used to detect cryptic species and, more recently, to estimate abundance or density. However, the potential for conservation- relevant information to be derived from acoustic signatures associated with particular behavior is less well-exploited. Animal vocal behavior can reveal important informa- tion about critical life history events. In this study, we argue that the overlap of the disciplines of bioacoustics, vocal communication, and conservation behavior—thus, “acoustic conservation behavior”—has much to offer threatened species monitoring. In particular, vocalizations can serve as indicators of behavioral states and contexts that provide insight into populations as it relates to their conservation. We explore the information available from monitoring species' vocalizations that relate to repro- duction and recruitment, alarm and defense, and social behavior, and how this infor- mation could translate into potential conservation benefits. While there are still challenges to processing acoustic data, we conclude that acoustic conservation behavior may improve threatened species monitoring where vocalizations reveal behaviors that are informative for management and decision-making.

10abioacoustics10aconservation behavior10amonitoring10avocal behavior10avocalizations1 aTeixeira, Daniella1 aMaron, Martine1 aRensburg, Berndt, J. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/nl/node/5839402252nas a2200181 4500008004100000245010500041210006900146520164300215653002101858653001701879653001701896653001501913653001801928653001401946100002101960700001801981856007101999 2019 eng d00aA soundscape assessment of the Sasso Fratino Integral Nature Reserve in the Central Apennines, Italy0 asoundscape assessment of the Sasso Fratino Integral Nature Reser3 a

Ecoacoustics investigates natural and anthropogenic sounds and their relationship with the environment. It is a powerful tool for biodiversity monitoring, management and conservation and also with regards to the global climate change issue. This study, based on data collected in 2017, describes for the first time the soundscape of the Sasso Fratino Integral Nature Reserve (INR) in Italy, an area characterised by the almost absence of anthropogenic noise, where we selected three recording sites within and adjacent the reserve. We adopted a double approach: one qualitative, based on visual screening of compact daily spectrograms; the other quantitative, by generating acoustic indices. In general, all sites are characterised by quiet nights and very acoustically dense daylight hours, with a composite biophony occupying the range 1500–9000 Hz. Moreover, the principal component analysis shows that the sites inside and outside the reserve are well differentiated and distinctly clustered, which could be due to their spatial heterogeneity and to the biophony’s different contributions. In this case, our results agree with the recognition of sonic patterns, or sonotopes, related to the different overlapping of biotic and abiotic sonic agents. The long-term acoustic data collection allows a reference repository to be built for monitoring the INR’s biophony status and evolution: as any human presence or intervention is currently prohibited, only external global changes could be considered as possible factors influencing any shift in the species’ presence and distribution inside the reserve.

10aacoustic indices10abiodiversity10aecoacoustics10amonitoring10aNational Park10asonotopes1 aRighini, Roberta1 aPavan, Gianni uhttps://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14888386.2019.169622902413nas a2200253 4500008004100000245012800041210006900169520160500238653001701843653001001860653000901870653001101879653001501890100002101905700002501926700001801951700002001969700002201989700002402011700002002035700002202055700002102077856006102098 2019 eng d00aPassive monitoring of phenological acoustic patterns reveals the sound of the camouflage grouper, Epinephelus polyphekadion0 aPassive monitoring of phenological acoustic patterns reveals the3 a

1. Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) is a non‐invasive technique that uses hydro- phones to monitor populations and ecosystem dynamics. Although many applica- tions of PAM have been developed in recent years, it has never been used to identify a calling marine species.
2. ThesouthpassofFakaravaAtoll,FrenchPolynesia,hostsspawningeventsofmany reef fish species, including the camouflage grouper Epinephelus polyphekadion, with a spawning aggregation abundance exceeding 17 000 individuals during the full moons of June and July.
3. The current study aimed to use PAM to distinguish camouflage grouper sounds among the vocal activities of all fish recorded during the aggregation periods. Audio recordings analysis resulted in the identification of 29 sound types, some of which showed diel and lunar patterns.
4. Temporal analysis of these sounds in relation to spawning activities allowed the identification of camouflage grouper calls. These calls can be described as a single pulse or a series of ‘boom(s)’ with a pulse duration of ~44 ms and a low dominant frequency of 103 ± 31 Hz. Video recordings show that the camouflage grouper pro- duces the ‘booms’ to initialize spawner ascent and to promote synchronous gamete release into the water column.
5. The study highlights for the first time that PAM can be used to identify the previ- ously unknown sound of a fish species. Moreover, we can use it to understand the phenology of some biological activities for improving the resolution of fish bio- diversity assessments.

10abiodiversity10acoral10afish10alagoon10amonitoring1 aJublier, Noémie1 aBertucci, Frédéric1 aKéver, Loïc1 aColleye, Orphal1 aBallesta, Laurent1 aNemeth, Richard, S.1 aLecchini, David1 aRhodes, Kevin, L.1 aParmentier, Eric uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/aqc.324202656nas a2200253 4500008004100000022001400041245013100055210006900186260001600255520187700271653001202148653001802160653001502178653001602193653002102209100001202230700001802242700001502260700001602275700001602291700001402307700001902321856006202340 2019 eng d a0067-223800aUsing Passive Acoustic Recording and Automated Call Identification to Survey Koalas in the Southern Forests of New South Wales0 aUsing Passive Acoustic Recording and Automated Call Identificati cJul-10-20213 a

Cost-effective surveys of low density koala populations are challenging, but technological developments in the acoustics field offer great potential for landscape-scale surveys and monitoring. We assessed passive acoustic recording coupled with automated call identification as a survey method for koalas Phascolarctos cinereus. Surveys targeted areas of previously known koala activity based on scat surveys in southern forests of New South Wales where a low density of koalas is suspected. We set 24 Song Meters to record at night over a two week period (~3,696 hours) in the koala breeding season (October/November) in Murrah Flora Reserve. Recordings were scanned by a koala call recogniser and “matches” were manually verified. Across the 24 sites, 522 validated koala bellows were recorded at 21 sites (87.5 % detection rate). Three environmental variables had most influence on detection probability of koalas, including nightly rainfall (-ve), nightly temperature (-ve) and topographic position (lower on ridges). Calling activity peaked at midnight. Sustained site occupancy, at least in the short-term, was apparent as under optimal conditions (no rain) koalas were recorded, on average, for > 50 % of survey nights rather than for just a few nights. We suggest that only a modest survey effort (4–5 nights) in the breeding season, on nights with < 3 mm of rain, is required to achieve 90–95 % probability of koala call detection in an area of low koala density. Comparison with scat surveys at the same sites revealed that detection rates were more than three times greater with acoustic surveys. Technological advances will continue to provide improvements for wildlife survey, and perhaps most importantly, for collecting much needed long-term data to assess trends in occupancy or other population attributes over time.

10abellows10adetectability10amonitoring10aSong Meters10aWildlife surveys1 aLaw, B.1 aGonsalves, L.1 aBilney, R.1 aPeterie, J.1 aPietsch, R.1 aRoe, Paul1 aTruskinger, A. uhttp://publications.rzsnsw.org.au/doi/10.7882/AZ.2019.03302157nas a2200289 4500008004100000245007400041210006900115260001200184520132500196653002401521653001101545653001501556653002301571653001501594653002001609100001701629700001801646700002701664700001901691700001901710700001801729700002601747700002201773700001701795700001801812856003701830 2018 eng d00aFreshwater ecoacoustics as a tool for continuous ecosystem monitoring0 aFreshwater ecoacoustics as a tool for continuous ecosystem monit c03/20183 a

Abstract
Passive acoustic monitoring is gaining popularity in ecology as a practical and non‐invasive approach to surveying ecosystems. This technique is increasingly being used to monitor terrestrial systems, particularly bird populations, given that it can help to track temporal dynamics of populations and ecosystem health without the need for expensive resampling. We suggest that underwater acoustic monitoring presents a viable, non‐invasive, and largely unexplored approach to monitoring freshwater ecosystems, yielding information about three key ecological elements of aquatic environments – (1) fishes, (2) macroinvertebrates, and (3) physicochemical processes – as well as providing data on anthropogenic noise levels. We survey the literature on this approach, which is substantial but scattered across disciplines, and call for more cross‐disciplinary work on recording and analysis techniques. We also discuss technical issues and knowledge gaps, including background noise, spatiotemporal variation, and the need for centralized reference collection repositories. These challenges need to be overcome before the full potential of passive acoustics in dynamic detection of biophysical processes can be realized and used to inform conservation practitioners and managers.

10aanthropogenic noise10afishes10afreshwater10amacroinvertebrates10amonitoring10aphysicochemical1 aLinke, Simon1 aGifford, Toby1 aDesjonquères, Camille1 aTonolla, Diego1 aAubin, Thierry1 aBarclay, Leah1 aKaraconstantis, Chris1 aKennard, Mark, J.1 aRybak, Fanny1 aSueur, Jerome uhttps://doi.org/10.1002/fee.177902624nas a2200289 4500008004100000022001400041245011100055210006900166260001600235300001600251490000700267520172500274653002701999653002702026653001002053653002902063653002502092653001502117653002202132653001502154653002602169653001602195100002602211700002102237700002702258856004902285 2017 eng d a2329-929000aSpectrogram Enhancement Using Multiple Window Savitzky-Golay (MWSG) Filter for Robust Bird Sound Detection0 aSpectrogram Enhancement Using Multiple Window SavitzkyGolay MWSG cJan-06-2017 a1183 - 11920 v253 a

Bird sound detection from real-field recordings is essential for identifying bird species in bioacoustic monitoring. Variations in the recording devices, environmental conditions, and the presence of vocalizations from other animals make the bird sound detection very challenging. In order to overcome these challenges, we propose an unsupervised algorithm comprising two main stages. In the first stage, a spectrogram enhancement technique is proposed using a multiple window Savitzky–Golay (MWSG) filter. We show that the spectrogram estimate using MWSG filter is unbiased and has lower variance compared with its single window counterpart. It is known that bird sounds are highly structured in the time–frequency (T–F) plane. We exploit these cues of prominence of T-F activity in specific directions from the enhanced spectrogram, in the second stage of the proposed method, for bird sound detection. In this regard, we use a set of four moving average filters that when applied to the enhanced spectrogram, yield directional spectrograms that capture the direction specific information. We propose a thresholding scheme on the time varying energy profile computed from each of these directional spectrograms to obtain frame-level binary decisions of bird sound activity. These individual decisions are then combined to obtain the final decision. Experiments are performed with three different datasets, with varying recording and noise conditions. Frame level F-score is used as the evaluation metric for bird sound detection. We find that the proposed method, on average, achieves higher F-score (10.24% relative) compared to the best of the six baseline schemes considered in this work.

10abioacoustic monitoring10abird sound detection10abirds10adirectional spectrograms10ahidden Markov models10amonitoring10anoise measurement10arobustness10aSavitzky-Golay filter10aspectrogram1 aKoluguri, Nithin, Rao1 aMeenakshi, Nisha1 aGhosh, Prasanta, Kumar uhttp://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7933047/02348nas a2200265 4500008004100000245008600041210006900127260001600196300001400212490000600226520155300232653001701785653002501802653001501827653001201842100001901854700002301873700002201896700002101918700002301939700002201962700002401984700002102008856005302029 2017 eng d00aMatlabHTK: a simple interface for bioacoustic analyses using hidden Markov models0 aMatlabHTK a simple interface for bioacoustic analyses using hidd cJan-05-2017 a615 - 6210 v83 a

1.Passive bioacoustic recording devices are now widely available and able to continuously record remotely located sites for extended periods, offering great potential for wildlife monitoring and management. Analysis of the huge data sets generated, in particular for specific biotic sound recognition, remains a critical bottleneck for widespread adoption of these technologies as current methods are labour intensive.

2. Several methods borrowed from speech processing frameworks, such as hidden Markov models, have been successful in analysing bioacoustic data, but the software implementations can be expensive and difficult to use for non-specialists involved in wildlife conservation. To remedy this, we present a software interface to a popular speech recognition system making it possible for non-experts to implement hidden Markov models for bioacoustic signal processing. Octave/Matlab functions are used to simplify the set-up and the definition of a bioacoustic signal recogniser as well as the analysis of the results.

3. We present the different functions as a workflow. To demonstrate how the package can be used, we give the results of an analysis of a bioacoustic monitoring data set to detect the nocturnal presence and behaviour of a cryptic seabird species, the common diving petrel Pelecanoides urinatrix urinatrix, from Northern New Zealand.


4. We show that the package MatlabHTK can be used efficiently to reconstruct the daily patterns of colony activity in the common diving petrel.

10abioacoustics10ahidden Markov models10amonitoring10aseabird1 aRanjard, Louis1 aReed, Benjamin, S.1 aLanders, Todd, J.1 aRayner, Matt, J.1 aFriesen, Megan, R.1 aSagar, Rachel, L.1 aDunphy, Brendon, J.1 aGaggiotti, Oscar uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/mee3.2017.8.issue-501436nas a2200217 4500008004100000022001300041245007300054210006900127260001600196300001400212490000600226520081400232653001701046653001701063653001701080653001501097653001501112653002101127100001701148856005301165 1998 eng d a1366638X00aAcoustic monitoring of Orthoptera and its potential for conservation0 aAcoustic monitoring of Orthoptera and its potential for conserva cJan-01-1998 a217 - 2230 v23 a

Songs of Orthoptera can be used for inventorying and monitoring of individual species and communities. Acoustic parameters such as carrier frequency and pulse rates allow the definition of recognizable taxonomic units (RTUs) which help to overcome the taxonomic impediment due to our scanty knowledge, particularly of tropical faunas. Bioacoustic diversity is a first estimate for species richness and provides baseline data which can be a prerequisite for conservation. Additional ecological and behavioural information such as habitat preference and singing schedules can be inferred. Many Orthoptera are sensitive indicator species for habitat quality in temperate and tropical ecosystems. Examples are given for evaluation of habitat quality and deterioration by acoustic detection of Orthoptera.

10abioacoustics10abiodiversity10aconservation10amonitoring10aOrthoptera10atropical forests1 aRiede, Klaus uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1023/A:1009695813606