02685nas a2200229 4500008004100000245008600041210006900127260001600196300001400212490000700226520197600233653002502209653001902234653002502253653002002278653002202298653001902320100001602339700002002355700002702375856005302402 2014 eng d00aSensory evolution of hearing in tettigoniids with differing communication systems0 aSensory evolution of hearing in tettigoniids with differing comm cJan-01-2014 a200 - 2130 v273 a

In Tettigoniidae (Orthoptera: Ensifera), hearing organs are essential in mate detection. Male tettigoniids usually produce calling songs by tegminal stridu- lation, whereas females approach the males phonotactically. This unidirec- tional communication system is the most common one among tettigoniids. In several tettigoniid lineages, females have evolved acoustic replies to the male calling song which constitutes a bidirectional communication system. The genus Poecilimon (Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae) is of special interest because the ancestral state of bidirectional communication, with calling males and responding females, has been reversed repeatedly to unidirec- tional communication. Acoustic communication is mediated by hearing organs that are adapted to the conspecific signals. Therefore, we analyse the auditory system in the Tettigoniidae genus Poecilimon for functional adapta- tions in three characteristics: (i) dimension of sound-receiving structures (tympanum and acoustic spiracle), (ii) number of auditory sensilla and (iii) hearing sensitivity. Profound differences in the auditory system correlate with uni- or bidirectional communication. Among the sound-receiving structures, the tympana scale with body size, whereas the acoustic spiracle, the major sound input structure, was drastically reduced in unidirectional communicating species. In the unidirectional P. ampliatus group, auditory sensilla are severely reduced in numbers, but not in the unidirectional P. propinquus group. Within the P. ampliatus group, the number of auditory sensilla is further reduced in P. intermedius which lost acoustic signalling due to parthenogenesis. The auditory sensitivity correlated with the size of the acoustic spiracle, as hearing sensitivity was better with larger spiracles, espe- cially in the ultrasonic range. Our results show a significant reduction in auditory structures, shaped by the differing sex roles during mate detection.

10aanimal communication10ainsect hearing10aregressive evolution10asensory ecology10asensory evolution10atympanal organ1 aStrauß, J.1 aLehmann, A., W.1 aLehmann, Gerlind, U.C. uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jeb.2014.27.issue-102371nas a2200193 4500008004100000245009100041210006900132260001600201520172800217653002701945653001501972653002301987653001502010653002502025100002702050700002402077700003302101856004302134 2018 eng d00aNeotropical frogs and mating songs: The evolution of advertisement calls in glassfrogs0 aNeotropical frogs and mating songs The evolution of advertisemen cMar-11-20203 a

Anurans emit advertisement calls with the purpose of attracting mates and repelling conspecific competitors. The evolution of call traits is expected to be associated with the evolution of anatomical and behavioral traits due to the physics of call emission and transmission. Additionally, since vocalizing might imply a trade‐off with investment in parental care, the evolution of calls is expected to trade‐off with parental care. Here, we investigated the association between body size, calling site, parental care and call properties (call duration, number of notes, peak frequency, frequency bandwidth and call structure) of the advertisement calls of glassfrogs (Centrolenidae)—a family of Neotropical, leaf‐dwelling anurans—using phylogenetic comparative methods. We also explored the tempo and mode of evolution of these traits and compared them with those of three morphological traits associated with body size, locomotion and feeding. We generated and compiled acoustic data for 72 glassfrog species (46% of total species richness), including representatives of all genera. We found that almost all acoustic traits have significant, but generally modest, phylogenetic signal. Peak frequency of calls is significantly associated with body‐size, while call structure is significantly associated with calling site and paternal care. Thus, the evolution of body size and calling site could constrain call evolution. The estimated disparity of acoustic traits was larger than that of morphological traits and the peak in disparity of acoustic traits generally occurred later in the evolution of glassfrogs, indicating a historically recent outset of the acoustic divergence in this clade.

10aacoustic communication10aamphibians10acomparative method10aNeotropics10aphenotypic disparity1 aS, Moisés, D. Escalon1 aSimões, Pedro, Ivo1 aCastroviejo-Fisher, Santiago uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jeb.1340602240nas a2200157 4500008004100000245010400041210006900145260001600214520170400230653001901934653001401953653002801967653002101995100002302016856004302039 2018 eng d00aCrickets increase sexual signalling and sperm protection but live shorter in the presence of rivals0 aCrickets increase sexual signalling and sperm protection but liv cMay-10-20193 a

The sociosexual environment animals experience through their life can shape the evolution of key life history traits, including longevity. Male‐male competition, for instance, may influence the resources allocated to traits involved in male reproductive success. Here, I test whether lifelong exposure to a competitor male influences male investment in pre‐ and post‐copulatory sexual traits (calling effort and sperm quality) and how this affected the oxidative status and longevity of male field crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus). As expected, the visual exposure to a mating competitor promoted a higher calling effort in the male crickets but resulted in a decline in the haemolymph antioxidant content. The haemolymph antioxidant content negatively covaried with the antioxidant content of the sperm but interestingly, only when the males were exposed to a competitor. This suggests that when mating competition is high, males may prioritise sperm antioxidant protection against somatic maintenance. Finally, I provide evidence that male‐male competition imposes additional costs to reproduction, as males exposed to a mating competitor lost a significant proportion of body antioxidant defences and body mass over time and in long‐term, had a reduced lifespan. Overall, this study strongly suggests that intrasexual competition may impose additional oxidative costs during reproduction for males, with negative consequences on lifespan. Moreover, the results highlight the role of oxidative stress as a physiological mechanism underlying the trade‐off between reproduction‐longevity and through which sexual selection may contribute to the evolution of senescence patterns.

10acalling effort10alongevity10amale‐male competition10aoxidative stress1 aNoguera, José, C. uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jeb.1339002113nas a2200145 4500008004100000245013500041210006900176260001600245520156700261100003301828700001901861700002001880700002401900856004301924 2017 eng d00aMorphological determinants of carrier frequency signal in katydids (Orthoptera): a comparative analysis using biophysical evidence0 aMorphological determinants of carrier frequency signal in katydi cApr-09-20183 a

Male katydids produce mating calls by stridulation using specialized structures on the forewings. The right wing (RW) bears a scraper connected to a drum-like cell known as the mirror and a left wing (LW) that overlaps the RW and bears a serrated vein on the ventral side, the stridulatory file. Sound is generated with the scraper sweeping across the file, producing vibrations that are amplified by the mirror. Using this sound generator, katydids exploit a range of song carrier frequencies (CF) unsurpassed by any other insect group, with species singing as low as 600 Hz and others as high as 150 kHz. Sound generator size has been shown to scale negatively with CF, but such observations derive from studies based on few species, without phylogenetic control, and/or using only the RW mirror length. We carried out a phylogenetic comparative analysis involving 94 species of katydids to study the relationship between LW and RW components of the sound generator and the CF of the male's mating call, while taking into account body size and phylogenetic relationships. The results showed that CF negatively scaled with all morphological measures, but was most strongly related to components of the sound generation system (file, LW and RW mirrors). Interestingly, the LW mirror (reduced and non-functional) predicted CF more accurately than the RW mirror, and body size is not a reliable CF predictor. Mathematical models were verified on known species for predicting CF in species for which sound is unknown (e.g. fossils or museum specimens).

1 aMontealegre-Zapata, Fernando1 aOgden, Jessica1 aJonsson, Thorin1 aSoulsbury, Carl, D. uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jeb.1317902782nas a2200289 4500008004100000245017800041210006900219260001600288300001400304490000700318520179900325653002102124653002202145653003202167653001402199653002402213653002802237653002102265653002702286100002202313700001802335700001602353700001602369700001902385700001902404856006902423 2005 eng d00aInheritance of song and stridulatory peg number divergence between Chorthippus brunneus and C. jacobsi, two naturally hybridizing grasshopper species (Orthoptera: Acrididae)0 aInheritance of song and stridulatory peg number divergence betwe cJan-05-2005 a703 - 7120 v183 a

Knowledge of the genetic basis of divergence in mating signal characters that contribute to reproductive isolation is critical to understanding speciation. Here, we describe a semi-automated system for characterizing grasshopper acoustic signals. We used this system to study the genetic basis of divergence in three male calling song components [echeme (EL), syllable (SL) and phrase (PL) lengths] between Chorthippus brunneus and C. jacobsi , two species of grasshoppers that hybridize in northern Spain. We also studied the number of pegs in the stridulatory file. For all characters, additive effects accounted for most of the genetic differentiation between species. However, the three song components also showed small but significant epistatic effects. No sex linkage was detected. Wright–Castle–Lande estimates of the minimum numbers of genetic factors underlying song and peg number divergence were low: peg number ( n e ¼ 5.87 ± 5.84), SL ( n e ¼ 2.37 ± 4.79) and PL ( n e ¼ 0.87 ± 0.86). On the other hand, EL appeared to be controlled by many genes. These results suggest that divergence in SL and PL might be driven by sexual selection whereas EL might not be under selection. This is consistent with experimental results on female song preference in related species. However, the fact that few factors appear to underlie the differences in peg number is surprising. Peg number is not closely related to song characteristics. It often varies between closely related grasshopper species and it has been assumed to be a neutral character. The biometrical approaches used here tend to underestimate the number of factors influencing a trait but provide valuable background for subsequent quantitative trait loci analyses.

10aadditive effects10adominance effects10aeffective number of factors10aepistasis10amosaic hybrid zones10aquantitative trait loci10asexual selection10awavelet transformation1 aSadamando, C., I.1 aMiyaguchi, S.1 aTatsuta, H.1 aKishino, H.1 aBridle, J., R.1 aButlin, R., K. uhttp://blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jeb.2005.18.issue-302681nas a2200241 4500008004100000245022200041210006900263260001600332520180900348653001802157653001202175653001402187653002202201653002102223653002102244653001902265100002202284700002002306700002302326700002002349700002702369856004302396 2017 eng d00aEvolutionary diversification of the auditory organ sensilla in Neoconocephalus katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) correlates with acoustic signal diversification over phylogenetic relatedness and life history0 aEvolutionary diversification of the auditory organ sensilla in i cJan-03-20173 a

Neoconocephalus tettigoniids are a model for the evolution of acoustic signals as male calls have diversified in temporal structure during the radiation of the genus. Tettigoniidae have hearing organs in the forelegs with species-specific numbers of auditory sensilla in a linear crista acustica. We investigated changes of the hearing organs during an evolutionary radiation with divergence of intraspecific acoustic signals. We compared the neuroanatomy of the crista acustica from 9 Neoconocephalus species with different temporal call features, life histories, and from different phylogenetic positions. Average numbers of auditory sensilla were species-specific, ranging between 32–35 sensilla. It is likely under sexual selection for detection of male calls and natural selection for detection of bat calls. We found statistically significant differences in sensillum numbers among species, but no relationship of crista acustica length or sensillum number with phylogenetic position or life history. Statistically significant correlations existed with call patterns: species with slow pulse rates had significantly higher numbers of auditory sensilla and a longer crista acustica. Further, species with a derived double-pulsed calls had longer cristae, and continuous callers had a higher number of auditory sensilla. Correlations with crista length were stronger than with the number of auditory sensilla. The hearing organs show considerable diversity between species despite their recent divergence and morphological and ecological similarities. Thus, they have the potential to respond to various selective pressures, including divergence of temporal and spectral signal properties. Phylogenetic constraints are unlikely to limit the evolutionary change of the auditory systems.

10ahearing organ10ainsects10aradiation10asensory evolution10asexual selection10asignal evolution10atympanal organ1 aStrauß, Johannes1 aAlt, Joscha, A.1 aEkschmitt, Klemens1 aSchul, Johannes1 aLakes-Harlan, Reinhard uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jeb.1306602168nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001400041245016600055210006900221260001600290300001400306490000700320520155800327100001801885700002101903700002401924856005001948 2007 eng d a1010-061X00aThe unusual inheritance pattern of the courtship songs in closely related grasshopper species of the Chorthippus albomarginatus-group (Orthoptera: Gomphocerinae)0 aunusual inheritance pattern of the courtship songs in closely re cJan-01-2007 a260 - 2770 v203 aSibling species of the Chorthippus albomarginatus-group are exceptional among all European grasshopper species because they have an extremely elaborate courtship behaviour. Here, we present a genetic analysis of the courtship song differences between two closely related grasshopper species Ch. albomarginatus and Ch. oschei. Measurements of seven courtship song characters and one parameter of courtship visual display were compared among parentals, F 1 and F 2 hybrids, and backcrosses. Variation in one morphological character, the number of stridulatory pegs, was studied as well. The distributions of song phenotypes were more consistent with a type-III genetic architecture, which involves complementary or duplicate pairs of loci. We suggest that this type of architecture may provide the novel elements of the hybrid songs, even more complex than the parental ones, which may offer a new starting point for sexual selection. One parameter of the visual display appeared to be controlled by a single locus, but differences in other characters of visual display could be explained by a more complex inheritance pattern. Inheritance of the peg number differences was consistent with a simple polygenic additive model. Sex linkage and/or maternal effects were not detected for any trait. We found a disproportionate influence of the Ch. albomarginatus parent on most hybrid song characteristics and the visual display, and this may support a previously suggested idea that Ch. albomarginatus is an ancestral form and Ch. oschei is a derived species.1 aVedenina, YU.1 aPanyutin, A., K.1 avon Helversen, Otto uhttp://www.blackwell-synergy.com/toc/jeb/20/1