02461nas a2200289   4500008004100000245010600041210006900147260001600216520156100232653002401793653002101817653001401838653002801852653002501880653001701905653001501922653001801937100003001955700002101985700001802006700002202024700001702046700002302063700002502086700001902111856004102130       2018                        eng d00aOptimization of sensor deployment for acoustic detection and localization in terrestrial environments0 aOptimization of sensor deployment for acoustic detection and loc  cJun-10-20193 a<p>The rapid evolution in miniaturization, power efficiency and affordability of acoustic sensors, combined with new innovations in smart capability, are vastly expanding opportunities in ground-level monitoring for wildlife conservation at a regional scale using massive sensor grids. Optimal placement of environmen- tal sensors and probabilistic localization of sources have previously been consid- ered only in theory, and not tested for terrestrial acoustic sensors. Conservation applications conventionally model detection as a function of distance. We developed probabilistic algorithms for near-optimal placement of sensors, and for localization of the sound source as a function of spatial variation in sound pressure. We employed a principled-GIS tool for mapping soundscapes to test the methods on a tropical-forest case study using gunshot sensors. On hilly ter- rain, near-optimal placement halved the required number of sensors compared to a square grid. A test deployment of acoustic devices matched the predicted success in detecting gunshots, and traced them to their local area. The methods are applicable to a broad range of target sounds. They require only an empirical estimate of sound-detection probability in response to noise level, and a sound- scape simulated from a topographic habitat map. These methods allow conser- vation biologists to plan cost-effective deployments for measuring target sounds, and to evaluate the impacts of sub-optimal sensor placements imposed by access or cost constraints, or multipurpose uses.</p>
10aacoustic monitoring10aacoustic sensors10aAudioMoth10aBiodiversity monitoring10aecosystem management10aoptimisation10aSoundscape10asubmodularity1 aPiña-Covarrubias, Evelyn1 aHill, Andrew, P.1 aPrince, Peter1 aSnaddon, Jake, L.1 aRogers, Alex1 aDoncaster, Patrick1 aPettorelli, Nathalie1 aGuillard, Jean  uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/rse2.97