01757nas a2200097 4500008004100000245004900041210004700090520145100137100002101588856005001609 2003 eng d00aBats and moths: what is there left to learn?0 aBats and moths what is there left to learn3 a

Over 14 families of moths have ears that are adapted to detect the ultrasonic echolocation calls of bats. On hearing a bat, these moths respond with an escape response that reduces their chances of being caught. As an evolutionary response, bats may then have evolved behavioural strategies or changes in call design to overcome the moth's hearing. The nature of this interaction is reviewed. In particular, the role of the echolocation calls of bats in the shaping of the structure, neurophysiology and behavioural responses of moths is discussed. Unresolved issues, such as the structural complexity of the moth's auditory system, the nature of temporal integration and the role of the non‐auditory B cell, are described. Issues in which the interactions between bats and moths may be of more general interest to biologists, such as noise filtering within the central nervous system, protean behaviours and coevolution between predator and prey, are also discussed. The interaction between bats and moths has much to interest general biologists, and may provide a useful model in understanding the neurophysiological basis of behaviour, including protean escape behaviours. The validity of the term coevolution as applied to this system is discussed, as there is no doubt that the auditory system of moths is a response to the echolocation calls of bats, although the evolutionary response of bats to moths is more ambiguous.

1 aWaters, Dean, A. uhttp://www.blackwell-synergy.com/toc/pen/28/402555nas a2200205 4500008004100000245012700041210006900168520186800237653002102105653002302126653001402149653002202163653000902185100002702194700002002221700002202241700002102263700001902284856004602303 2003 eng d00aSerial hearing organs in the atympanate grasshopper Bullacris membracioides (Orthoptera, Pneumoridae)0 aSerial hearing organs in the atympanate grasshopper iBullacris m3 a

In different insect taxa, ears can be found on virtually any part of the body. Comparative anatomy and similarities in the embryological development of ears in divergent taxa suggest that they have evolved multiple times from ubiquitous stretch or vibration receptors, but the homology of these structures has not yet been rigorously tested. Here we provide detailed analysis of a novel set of hearing organs in a relatively “primitive” atympanate bladder grasshopper (Bullacris membracioides) that is capable of signaling acoustically over 2 km. We use morphological, physiological, and behavioral experiments to demonstrate that this species has six pairs of serially repeated abdominal ears derived from proprioceptive pleural chordotonal organs (plCOs). We demonstrate continuity in auditory function from the five posterior pairs, which are simple forms comprising 11 sensilla and resembling plCOs in other grasshoppers, to the more complex anterior pair, which contains 2000 sensilla and is homologous to the single pair of tympanate ears found in “modern” grasshoppers. All 12 ears are morphologically differentiated, responsive to airborne sound at frequencies and intensities that are biologically significant (tuned to 1.5 and 4 kHz; 60–98 dB SPL), and capable of mediating behavioral responses of prospective mates. These data provide evidence for the transition in function and selective advantage that must occur during evolutionary development of relatively complex organs from simpler precursors. Our results suggest that ancestral insects with simple atympanate pleural receptors may have had hearing ranges that equal or exceed those of contemporary insects with complex tympanal ears. Moreover, auditory capability may be more prevalent among modern insect taxa than the presence of overt tympana indicates

10aacoustic insects10aauditory evolution10aCaelifera10achordotonal organ10aears1 avan Staaden, Moira, J.1 aRieser, Michael1 aOtt, Swidbert, R.1 aPabst, Maria, A.1 aRömer, Heiner uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/cne.v465%3A402124nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001400041245009000055210006900145260001600214300001400230490000700244520149600251653002301747653001201770653001301782653002101795653002401816100002101840856005701861 2003 eng d a0033-577000aSnake Bioacoustics: Toward a Richer Understanding of the Behavioral Ecology of Snakes0 aSnake Bioacoustics Toward a Richer Understanding of the Behavior cJan-09-2003 a303 - 3250 v783 a

Snakes are frequently described in both popular and technical literature as either deaf or able to perceive only groundborne vibrations. Physiological studies have shown that snakes are actually most sensitive to airborne vibrations. Snakes are able to detect both airborne and groundborne vibrations using their body surface (termed somatic hearing) as well as from their inner ears. The central auditory pathways for these two modes of “hearing” remain unknown. Recent experimental evidence has shown that snakes can respond behaviorally to both airborne and groundborne vibrations. The ability of snakes to contextualize the sounds and respond with consistent predatory or defensive behaviors suggests that auditory stimuli may play a larger role in the behavioral ecology of snakes than was previously realized. Snakes produce sounds in a variety of ways, and there appear to be multiple acoustic Batesian mimicry complexes among snakes. Analyses of the proclivity for sound production and the acoustics of the sounds produced within a habitat or phylogeny specific context may provide insights into the behavioral ecology of snakes. The relatively low information content in the sounds produced by snakes suggests that these sounds are not suitable for intraspecific communication. Nevertheless, given the diversity of habitats in which snakes are found, and their dual auditory pathways, some form of intraspecific acoustic communication may exist in some species.

10adefensive behavior10ahearing10areptiles10asound production10avibration detection1 aYoung, Bruce, A. uhttps://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/37705203570nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245009900055210006900154260001600223300001400239490000700253520298900260100003103249856014403280 2003 eng d a0300-325600aPhylogeny and the evolution of acoustic communication in extant Ensifera (Insecta, Orthoptera)0 aPhylogeny and the evolution of acoustic communication in extant  cJan-11-2003 a525 - 5610 v323 a

Ensifera present an appropriate and interesting model for the study of acoustic communication, because of their diverse signal and communication modalities, and due to their accessibility for field and laboratory studies. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the acoustic evolution of Ensifera, but they were elaborated without any reference to a falsifiable phylogeny, and were consequently highly speculative. Similarly, phylogenetic relationships between ensiferan clades have not hitherto been studied using modern standard methodology, and the sole cladistic analysis by Gwynne in 1995 was methodologically flawed. No sound hypothesis therefore currently exists for ensiferan phylogeny, which precludes historical analysis of their communication modalities. In the present paper, the phylogeny is established on the basis of morpho‐anatomical characters and used to analyse the evolution of acoustic communication in this clade by mapping the characters related to auditory and stridulatory structures onto the resultant trees. Cladistic analyses resulted in two equi‐parsimonious cladograms (length 154, C 64, CI 58, RI 61) with the following topologies: (1) [(Grylloidea–Gryllotalpidae) (Rhaphidophoridae (Schizodactylidae (Gryllacrididae ((Stenopelmatidae–Cooloola) (Anostostomatidae (Prophalangopsis (Cyphoderris (Tettigoniidae–Lezina))))))))] (2) [(Grylloidea–Gryllotalpidae)(Rhaphidophoridae (Schizodactylidae (Gryllacrididae–Cooloola–(Stenopelmatidae (Anostostomatidae (Prophalangopsis (Cyphoderris (Tettigoniidae–Lezina))))))))]. According to these topologies, Ensifera were ancestrally devoid of acoustic and hearing systems. An acoustic (tegminal or femoro‐abdominal) apparatus appeared a number of times independently with convergent structures. Similarly, tibial tympana developed several times independently. Moreover, four hypotheses (each according to a definite pattern of character transformation) can be proposed to explain the evolution of acoustic communication in the different ensiferan clades and relate it to a definite communicatory context. These hypotheses do not apply equally to ensiferan subclades. Grylloidea and Gryllotalpoidea could have experienced convergently a direct development of an intraspecific acoustic communication. Acoustic communication in Tettigoniidea has evolved more ambiguously, and may either have resulted from a direct evolution analogous to that having occurred in Gryllidea, or have developed in a completely different behavioural context. Future studies of acoustic communication in the different ensiferan clades will have to take into account the fact that the involved structures most often are not homologous and that their evolution may not have taken place in similar conditions. Different hypotheses of acoustic communication evolution may apply to different clades, and there may be no single explanation for acoustic communication in Ensifera.

1 aDesutter-Grandcolas, Laure uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1463-6409.2003.00142.xhttps://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1046%2Fj.1463-6409.2003.00142.x01227nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245009800055210006900153300001400222490000700236520072200243100002300965700002200988856007101010 2003 eng d a0037-927100aSound production in Parapellopedon instabilis (Rehn, 1906) (Orthoptera: Gomphocerinae)0 aSound production in iParapellopedon instabilisi Rehn 1906 Orthop a335 - 3420 v393 a

The sounds produced by Parapellopedon instabilis (Rehn, 1906), are described for the first time on the basis of recordings made, in captivity, with an analogical tape recorder. The signals were digitized in the laboratory and analyzed using a software. Three types of song are described: the male calling song, typical of the gomphocerinae species, the female’s agreement song, less organized temporally and unusually loud for a gomphocerinae species, and disturbance songs among males and among females, which follow the typical structure of these signals in the subfamily. Oscillograms and frequency spectra of all songs are given. The stridulatory file of both sexes, male and female, are described.

1 aLorier, Estrellita1 aPresa, Juan José uhttp://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00379271.2003.1069739100574nam a2200169 4500008004100000020002200041022001400063245007200077210006900149260005100218300001400269490000900283100002400292700002500316700001900341856004400360 2003 eng d a978-3-540-40861-1 a0302-974300aMultiple Classifier Systems for the Recognition of Orthoptera Songs0 aMultiple Classifier Systems for the Recognition of Orthoptera So aBerlin, HeidelbergbSpringer Berlin Heidelberg a474 - 4810 v27811 aDietrich, Christian1 aSchwenker, Friedhelm1 aPalm, Günther uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/b1201000463nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245005800055210005800113260001600171300001400187490000700201100002200208700001800230856006900248 2003 eng d a0952-462200aHABITAT ACOUSTICS OF A NEOTROPICAL LOWLAND RAINFOREST0 aHABITAT ACOUSTICS OF A NEOTROPICAL LOWLAND RAINFOREST cJan-01-2003 a297 - 3210 v131 aEllinger, Norbert1 aHödl, Walter uhttp://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09524622.2003.975350301489nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245014400055210006900199260001600268300001400284490000700298520094300305100001401248700001401262856005501276 2003 eng d a0028-104200aIs microhabitat segregation between two cicada species ( Tibicina haematodes and Cicada orni ) due to calling song propagation constraints?0 amicrohabitat segregation between two cicada species Tibicina hae cJan-07-2003 a322 - 3260 v903 a

The cicada species Tibicina haematodes and Cicada orni are two sympatric species often inhabiting vineyards. We show that they occupy two distinct levels: males of T. haematodes produce their calling songs from a high position in vine foliage while males of C. orni call from a low position near the ground on vine trunks. Experiments consisting of broadcasting and re-recording experimental signals in natural habitats from low and high positions show that signals are more and more modified as sender–receiver distance increases. T. haematodes would have an advantage when calling on trunks rather than on branches whereas C. orni would be able to call indiscriminately from both low and high positions. Thus, the microhabitat segregation observed between T. haematodes and C orni in vineyards does not seem to be related to calling song propagation constraints, but may be due to other ethological or ecological factors.

1 aSueur, J.1 aAubin, T. uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00114-003-0432-504715nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001400041245007600055210006900131260001300200300001200213490000800225520411800233653002504351653001704376653001204393653001404405653002404419100002504443856004104468 2003 eng d a0022-094900aWing resonances in the Australian field cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus.0 aWing resonances in the Australian field cricket Teleogryllus oce c2003 May a1479-960 v2063 a

The anatomy and mechanics of the fore-wings of the Australian cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus were examined to study how resonances of the wings were excited, to model the interactions between the two wings during sound production, to account for the frequency changes that occur within the pulses and to determine the variation in sound amplitude during the pulses. Sound is produced after raising the wings by closing the right wing over the left; the plectrum of the left wing engages and releases teeth on the file on the underside of the right wing. The mean number of teeth on the right file is 252; the teeth are more closely spaced in the posterior part of the file, which is engaged at the start of the song pulses. The anterior part of the file is separated from the base of the harp by a short flexible region. The dorsal field of the wing, in which the harp is situated, is largely mechanically isolated from the driving veins of the lateral field, except for a cross vein at the apex of the harp. The harps of the two wings did not differ significantly in area but the plectrum of the left wing was significantly longer and wider than that of the right wing. The posterior edge of the plectrum has a radius of approximately 0.5 micro m, which allows it to engage the 20 micro m-tall teeth of the file. The plectrum is separated from the wing by a 0.5 micro m-thick crescent that allows it to twist lengthways and thus disengage the file teeth. The sigmoid shape of the file allows the plectrum to engage teeth over most of the length of the file. The calling song of T. oceanicus consists of a chirp of four similar pulses followed by a trill of pairs of pulses. The dominant frequency of all pulses is approximately 4.8 kHz but cycle-by-cycle analysis suggests that the different types of pulse are produced by wing-closing movements through different arcs. Free resonances of the left wing occurred at 4.56 kHz [quality factor (Q)=25.1] and of the right wing at 4.21 kHz (Q=23.9). Driven by loud sound, maximum vibration of the harp was seen at approximately 4.5 kHz; at lower sound levels, the vibration was confined to the cross-veins of the harp that extend distally from the file. Resonances of the left wing driven by vibration of the same wing, either at the plectrum or on the anal area, occurred at similar frequencies to those of the songs and had similar Qs but were approximately anti-phase, demonstrating that movement of the plectrum (e.g. by the file teeth) causes an opposite movement of the harp. When the right wing was driven directly on the file, the resonant frequency was 5.88 kHz but, when driven on the file via a length of the left file and the left plectrum, it was 4.83 kHz. The amplitude of the vibration increased from the posterior end of the file to the middle then fell towards the anterior end of the file. Pushing a left plectrum across the middle of the right file produced trains of damped sound pulses at 4.82 kHz (Q=23.4). Clicks excited from the anterior end of the file had lower frequencies. The resonances excited from both the left wing via its plectrum and from the right wing when driven via the left plectrum were similar in frequency to that of the song. The resonance of the dorsal field persisted after ablation of the harp but the mean resonant frequency increased 1.12-fold with a similar Q to the intact wing. Droplets of water on the distal end of the harp or proximal part of the dorsal field raised the resonant frequency. The resonant frequency was lowered by the addition of weights to the harp or the file; the factor of the decrease suggested that the mass of the resonant system was approximately 1.4 mg, which accords with the mass of the harp plus file plus anal area of the wing (left wing, 1.27 mg; right wing, 1.15 mg) but is far heavier than the harp (0.22 mg). An earlier suggestion that the harp is the resonator is not supported; instead, it is proposed that the major elastic component of the resonant system is the file plus 1st anal vein and that the mass component is the combined mass of the file, anal area and harp.

10aanimal communication10aanimal wings10aAnimals10aGryllidae10asound spectrography1 aBennet-Clark, H., C. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/nl/node/1720600577nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245008300055210006900138260001600207300001200223490000700235100002700242700001700269700002700286856010600313 2003 eng d a1519-566X00aCryptic species of Gryllus in the light of bioacoustic (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)0 aCryptic species of Gryllus in the light of bioacoustic Orthopter cJan-01-2003 a75 - 800 v321 aDavid, José, A. de O.1 aZefa, Edison1 aFontanetti, Carmem, S. uhttp://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1519-566X2003000100010&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en01558nas a2200157 4500008004100000245012700041210006900168300001200237490000700249520088100256100002301137700002301160700002101183700002301204856017301227 2003 eng d00aNew Stridulatory Structures in a Tiger Beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Cicindelinae): Morphology and Sound Characterization0 aNew Stridulatory Structures in a Tiger Beetle Coleoptera Carabid a161-1660 v573 a

The stridulatory mechanism in Oxycheila tristis (Fabricius) (Cicindelinae: Megacephatini) is described. Sound is produced by mates and females rubbing the internal edge of the hind femur (plectrum) on the ringed elytral epipleura (pars stridens). The hind legs usually alternate, and sound is mostly generated during backward movement. Abdominal movements seem to play a role in the amplitude modulation of the signals. Temporal characteristics of the sound are slightly different for both sexes (longer leg cycles in females) but the frequency spectra are similar. The same stridulatory structures were found in other Oxycheila species as well as in the closely related Cheiloxya binotata longipennis Horn. Considering the different stridulatory mechanisms described in cicindelids, sound production probably evolved independently at least three times in this group.

1 aSerrano, Artur, R.1 aDiogo, Anabela, C.1 aViçoso, Emanuel1 aFonseca, Paulo, J. uhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/250068645_New_Stridulatory_Structures_in_a_Tiger_Beetle_Coleoptera_Carabidae_Cicindelinae_Morphology_and_Sound_Characterization01504nas a2200157 4500008004100000245012700041210006900168300001200237490000700249520087200256100002301128700002301151700002101174700002301195856012801218 2003 eng d00aNew Stridulatory Structures in a Tiger Beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Cicindelinae): Morphology and Sound Characterization0 aNew Stridulatory Structures in a Tiger Beetle Coleoptera Carabid a161-1660 v573 aThe stridulatory mechanism in Oxycheila tristis (Fabricius) (Cicindelinae: Megacephalini) is described. Sound is produced by males and females rubbing the internal edge of the hind femur (plectrum) on the ringed elytral epipleura (pars stridens). The hind legs usually alternate, and sound is mostly generated during backward movement. Abdominal movements seem to play a role in the amplitude modulation of the signals. Temporal characteristics of the sound are slightly different for both sexes (longer leg cycles in females) but the frequency spectra are similar. The same stridulatory structures were found in other Oxycheila species as well as in the closely related Cheiloxya binotata longipennis Horn. Considering the different stridulatory mechanisms described in cicindelids, sound production probably evolved independently at least three times in this group.1 aSerrano, Artur, R.1 aDiogo, Anabela, C.1 aViçoso, Emanuel1 aFonseca, Paulo, J. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/nl/content/new-stridulatory-structures-tiger-beetle-coleoptera-carabidae-cicindelinae-morphology-and01211nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001400041245016400055210006900219260001600288300001400304490000700318520039100325653001400716653001300730653001200743653001200755653001200767653001700779100003300796700002400829700002200853856009400875 2003 eng d a1082-646700aPanoploscelis specularis (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Pseudophyllinae): extraordinary female sound generator, male description, male protest and calling signals0 aPanoploscelis specularis Orthoptera Tettigoniidae Pseudophyllina cJan-12-2003 a173 - 1810 v123 a

Females of Panoploscelis specularis present a dramatic modification of their forewings for stridulation. The female generator is illustrated and its distinct form contrasted with that of males. The physical form of the signals that females might produce is inferred; male calling and protest signals are characterized. The male of P. specularis is described for the first time.

10aacoustics10aColombia10adefense10aEcuador10akatydid10astridulation1 aMontealegre-Zapata, Fernando1 aGuerra, Patrick, A.1 aMorris, Glenn, K. uhttp://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1665/1082-6467%282003%29012%5B0173%3APSOTPE%5D2.0.CO%3B2