01678nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001400041245008300055210006900138300002000207520105300227653001201280653001701292653002401309653000901333653002601342653001401368653001001382100001901392856006101411 2017 eng d a0263-276400aThe Science of Listening in Bioacoustics Research: Sensing the Animals' Sounds0 aScience of Listening in Bioacoustics Research Sensing the Animal a0263276417727053 aBioacoustics is an interdisciplinary field bridging biological and acoustic sciences, which uses sound technologies to record, preserve, and analyse large datasets of animal communications. But it is also a world, made of the meanings created through inter- and intra-species communication. This article empirically explores a variety of bioacoustics research, including interviews with researchers, as part of a broader qualitative study, in order to theorize the expanding sense and sensation of a global biosphere and sonic data. By giving a sustained and detailed account of the science of bioacoustics, particularly how its modes of measurement allow for a new way of understanding what is involved in the de-centred modes of hearing that re-centre acts of listening and, by extension, the nature of the relation between researcher and researched, the article contributes to methodological discussions regarding the longstanding questions of how researchers and scientists are implicated in the knowledge and objects they collectively produce.10aAnimals10abioacoustics10abiological sciences10adata10aemerging technologies10alistening10asound1 aVallee, Mickey uhttp://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/026327641772705902016nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001400041245007600055210006900131260001300200300001100213490000800224520135300232653002401585653001701609653001201626653002001638653001401658653002401672100002501696700002401721856004101745 2002 eng d a0022-094900aTicking of the clockwork cricket: the role of the escapement mechanism.0 aTicking of the clockwork cricket the role of the escapement mech c2002 Mar a613-250 v2053 a

The 'clockwork cricket' model for cricket sound production suggests that the catch-and-release of the file of one forewing by the plectrum on the opposite wing act as an 'escapement' to provide the phasic impulses that initiate and sustain the vibration of the resonant regions of the wings from which the sounds are produced. The action of the escapement produces the familiar ticking sound of clocks. The higher-frequency components of the songs of twelve species of cricket were analysed after removing the dominant low-frequency components and amplifying the remaining higher-frequency components. In normal song pulses of all species, the higher-frequency components showed a close phase-locking to the waveform of the dominant frequency, but the amplitude of the higher-frequency components did not correlate with that at the dominant frequency. Anomalous pulses occurred spontaneously in the songs of several species: multimodal, interrupted or curtailed pulses are described. In all of these, the anomalous pulse envelope was associated with changes in the amplitude and/or instantaneous frequency of the higher-frequency components of the sound. A model of the escapement suggests that the frequency of the residual components of the song depends on the symmetry of action of the plectrum on the teeth of the file.

10aanimal vocalization10aanimal wings10aAnimals10aescape reaction10aGryllidae10aspecies specificity1 aBennet-Clark, H., C.1 aBailey, Winston, J. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/nn/node/4786803186nas a2200265 4500008004100000022001400041245012700055210006900182260001300251300001100264490000800275520240800283653002502691653002402716653001202740653002202752653001302774653001402787653000902801653001402810100002002824700001802844700001702862856004102879 2000 eng d a0022-094900aThe control of carrier frequency in cricket calls: a refutation of the subalar-tegminal resonance/auditory feedback model.0 acontrol of carrier frequency in cricket calls a refutation of th c2000 Feb a585-960 v2033 a

The subalar-tegminal resonance/auditory feedback hypothesis attempts to explain how crickets control the carrier frequency (f(C)), the loudness and the spectral purity of their calls. This model contrasts with the 'clockwork cricket' or escapement model by proposing that f(C) is not controlled by the resonance of the cricket's radiators (the harps) but is instead controlled neurally. It suggests that crickets are capable of driving their harps to vibrate at any frequency and that they use a tunable Helmholtz-like resonator consisting of the tegmina and the air within the subalar space to amplify and filter the f(C). This model predicts that f(C) is variable, that call loudness is related to tegminal position (and subalar volume) and that low-density gases should cause f(C) to increase. In Anurogryllus arboreus, f(C) is not constant and varied by as much as 0.8 % between pulses. Within each sound pulse, the average f(C) typically decreased from the first to the last third of a sound pulse by 9 %. When crickets called in a mixture of heliox and air, f(C) increased 1.07- to 1.14-fold above the value in air. However, if the subalar space were part of a Helmholtz-like resonator, then its resonant frequency should have increased by 40-50 %. Moreover, similar increases occurred in species that lack a subalar space (oecanthines). Experimental reduction of the subalar volume of singing crickets resulted neither in a change in f(C) nor in a change in loudness. Nor did crickets attempt to restore the subalar volume to its original value. These results disprove the presence of a subalar-tegminal resonator. The free resonance of freshly excised Gryllus rubens tegmina shifted by 1.09-fold when moved between air and a mixture of helium and air. Auditory feedback cannot be the cause of this shift, which is similar to the f(C) shifts in intact individuals of other species. Calculations show that the harp is 3.9-1.8 times more massive than the air that moves en masse with the vibrating harps. Replacing air with heliox-air lowers the mass of the vibrating system sufficiently to account for the f(C) shifts. These results re-affirm the 'clockwork cricket' (escapement) hypothesis. However, as realized by others, the harps should be viewed as narrow-band variable-frequency oscillators whose tuning may be controlled by factors that vary the effective mass.

10aacoustic stimulation10aanimal vocalization10aAnimals10abiological models10afeedback10aGryllidae10amale10avibration1 aPrestwich, K, N1 aLenihan, K, M1 aMartin, D, M uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/nn/node/4786100764nas a2200265 4500008004100000022001400041245009900055210006900154260001300223300001100236490000700247653002100254653001200275653002200287653001400309653001400323653001500337653001100352653000900363653002200372653002400394653002400418100001500442856004100457 1999 eng d a1055-790300aA nested analysis of song groups and species boundaries in the Hawaiian cricket genus Laupala.0 anested analysis of song groups and species boundaries in the Haw c1999 Mar a332-410 v1110aanimal behaviour10aAnimals10abiological models10aecosystem10aGryllidae10aHaplotypes10aHawaii10amale10amitochondrial DNA10apopulation genetics10aspecies specificity1 aShaw, K, L uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/nn/node/4778502264nas a2200217 4500008004100000022001400041245009300055210006900148260001300217300001300230490000800243520163100251653002801882653001201910653001101922653001701933653000901950100002701959700001901986856004102005 1997 eng d a0022-094900aSexual signalling in bladder grasshoppers: tactical design for maximizing calling range.0 aSexual signalling in bladder grasshoppers tactical design for ma c1997 Oct a2597-6080 v2003 a

Pair formation in the bladder grasshopper (Bullacris membracioides) is by duetting and male phonotaxis. Low-frequency stridulatory signals are emitted by an abdominal resonator in the male and are answered by females using a species-specific time delay. Acoustic transmission in the natural environment was studied using playback of sexual signals over distances of 450m under two atmospheric conditions (day and night). Upward-refracting sound conditions and a sound shadow zone beyond approximately 50m prevailed during the day. Acoustic enhancement was demonstrated at night when downward-refracting temperature inversions created a tunnel effect with sound caught between the ground and zones of different temperatures. Transmission conditions are almost ideal at night when the species actually calls; calling distances of 150m for the male signal in the afternoon increased to 1.5-1.9km at night, arguably the largest calling distance yet reported for insects. In contrast, female calls transmit over a maximum of 50m, signifying a marked discrepancy in the active space of sex-specific signals. Transmission distance may, however, be profoundly affected by levels of masking noise. Adaptations to increase the signal range may variously be found in the signal itself, in behaviour patterns or in the sensory system. Here we demonstrate aspects of the first two types of adaptation in the sexual signalling system of a grasshopper in which maximizing the calling range appears to be the major selection pressure, with lesser effects imposed by inter- and intraspecific pressures and by the transmission channel.

10aanimal sexual behaviour10aAnimals10afemale10agrasshoppers10amale1 avan Staaden, Moira, J.1 aRömer, Heiner uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/nn/node/2090202473nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001400041245019100055210006900246260000900315300001100324490000800335520170100343653001202044653002202056653002402078653001102102653001202113653000902125653002102134653001502155100002002170856004102190 1981 eng d a0302-766X00aStructure of the auditory system of the weta Hemideina crassidens (Blanchard, 1851). (Orthoptera, Ensifera, Gryllacridoidea, Stenopelmatidae). 2. Ultrastructure of the auditory sensilla.0 aStructure of the auditory system of the weta Hemideina crassiden c1981 a345-590 v2173 a

This study of the ultrastructure of the auditory sensilla of the New Zealand weta, Hemideina crassidens, is the first such study on a member of the orthopteran Superfamily Gryllacridoidea. Ultrastructure of the auditory sensilla is similar in all of the tibial mechanosensory organs, here called subgenual organ, intermediate organ and crista acoustica by analogy with comparable structures in Tettigoniidae. Distal to each sensory soma is a dendrite containing multiple ciliary rootlets that fuse into a single ciliary root. This splits into nine root processes that pass around the outside of the proximal basal body and then rejoin at the level of the distal basal body, distal to which the dendrite has a modified ciliary structure with a circlet of nine peripheral paired tubes and rods as it passes through the proximal extracellular space. It is then enclosed by a zone of scolopale cell cytoplasm before expanding into a dilatation within the distal extracellular space. In some sensilla this space is partially occluded by electron dense material which is part of the scolopale cell. Distal to the dilatation the cilium shrinks and ends surrounded by the scolopale cap. Accessory cells consist of glia enwrapping the sensory neuron in the region of its soma, the scolopale cell surrouinding the ciliary portion of the dendrite, and the attachment cell surrounding the scolopale cell and scolopale cap and connected to them by desmosomes. The attachment cells are filled with microtubules in differing densities and orientations. Lamellae are present in the acellular matrix surrounding the attachment cells. Banded fibres, presumably of collagen, are also present in the matrix.

10aAnimals10aAuditory Pathways10aelectron microscopy10afemale10ahearing10amale10amechanoreceptors10aOrthoptera1 aBall, Eldon, E. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/nn/node/1722702432nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001400041245018200055210006900237260000900306300001100315490000800326520166800334653001202002653001102014653001202025653000902037653001502046653002402061653002802085100002002113700001602133856004102149 1981 eng d a0302-766X00aStructure of the auditory system of the weta Hemideina crassidens (blanchard, 1851) (Orthoptera, Ensifera, Gryllacridoidea, Stenopelmatidae). 1. Morphology and histology.0 aStructure of the auditory system of the weta iHemideina crasside c1981 a321-430 v2173 a

The morphology and histology of the tibial auditory system of the New Zealand weta, Hemideina crassidens, are described. The groups of acoustic sensilla conform closely to the subgenual organ, intermediate organ and crista acoustica of the Tettigoniidae. Each prothoracic tibia bears two thick (40-100 micrometers) tympana of approximately equal size divided into two distinct zones. The tracheae of the prothoracic legs are connected across the midline by a transverse commissure and by a chiasma between the ventral longitudinal trunks. No expanded vesicle ("vesicula acoustica") is associated with the spiracle. The anterior and posterior tracheae are divided into three distinct regions within the tibia: (1) a bulbous proximal posterior inflated chamber, (2) the tympanal vesicles to which the tympana attach, and (3) an elongate distal posterior inflated chamber. The pattern of innervation in the tympanal region is similar to that of gryllids as is the central projection of the tympanal nerve. The subgenual organ, which contains ca. 50 sensilla, forms an acute angle with the wall of the leg. The intermediate organ contains ca. 19 sensilla forming an arc against the anterior wall of the leg. The crista acoustica contains ca. 50 sensilla aligned in a gelatinous matrix along the dorsal surface of the anterior tympanal vesicle. Each dendrite projects distally, then is reflected proximally and dorsally to end in a scolopale embedded in an attachment cell. The attachment cells are stellate in the proximal portion of the crista, but distally they occur as parallel lamellae. The weta ear is compared with those of other Orthoptera.

10aAnimals10afemale10ahearing10amale10aOrthoptera10aspecies specificity10avestibulocochlear nerve1 aBall, Eldon, E.1 aField, L, H uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/nn/node/1722602330nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001400041245008500055210006900140260001300209300001100222490000700233520169200240653001201932653002201944653001201966653001201978653002701990653001002017100001802027700001402045856004102059 1966 eng d a0022-094900aThe neuromuscular mechanism of stridulation in crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae).0 aneuromuscular mechanism of stridulation in crickets Orthoptera G c1966 Aug a151-640 v453 a

Study of the insect neuromuscular system appears very promising as a means of
explaining behaviour in terms of cellular operation. The relatively small number of
neurons, the ganglionic nature of the nervous system, the simplicity of the neuro-
muscular arrangement, and the repetitiveness of behavioural sequences all lend them-
selves to a solution of this problem. As a result, an increasing number of investigators
have been turning their attention to insects and especially to the large orthopterans.
Recently, Ewing & Hoyle (1965) and Huber (1965) reported on muscle activity
underlying sound production in crickets. The acoustic behaviour is well understood
(Alexander, 1961) and in the genera Gryllus, Acheta and Gryllodes communication is
mediated by three basic songs composed of three types of pulses. While working
independently on this system at the University of Cologne (W.K.) and the University
of Michigan (D.B.) using various Gryllus species, we found a number of basic
differences between the muscle activity in our crickets and that reported by Ewing
& Hoyle (1965) for Acheta domesticus. These two genera, Gryllus and Acheta, are so
nearly identical that they are distinguished solely by differences in the male genitalia
(Chopard, 1961). The present paper constitutes a survey of muscle activity patterns
producing stridulation in four species of field crickets. Since the work of the two
authors was carried out independently, non-overlapping experiments will be initialled
to indicate the investigator.

10aAnimals10aElectrophysiology10ainsects10amuscles10aneuromuscular junction10asound1 aBentley, D, R1 aKutsch, W uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/nn/node/1721303301nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001400041245010100055210006900156260001300225300001200238490000800250520258400258653001402842653002402856653001202880653001402892653001602906653001402922100002402936700002502960700001902985856005503004 2001 eng d a0022-094900aAcoustics of a small Australian burrowing cricket: the control of low-frequency pure-tone songs.0 aAcoustics of a small Australian burrowing cricket the control of c2001 Aug a2827-410 v2043 a

For most insects, size determines the call frequency. This paper describes the acoustics of a small brachypterous cricket (Rufocephalus sp.; body length 9.6 mm) producing a call with a carrier frequency of approximately 3.2 kHz from a subterranean burrow. Crickets such as Gryllus campestris are approximately twice this length and produce a call frequency close to 5 kHz. The burrow of Rufocephalus opens via a small hole with a diameter of 3.2 mm. The neck of the hole at approximately 1.4 mm depth opens to a vertical two-part burrow with an upper vase-shaped chamber 16.1 mm in height with a diameter of 9.4 mm. This top chamber connects via a 6.4mm high (diameter 5.2 mm) neck to a more irregular chamber approximately 18 mm high with a width of approximately 11 mm. The walls of the top chamber neck and of the upper part of the lower chamber are smooth and appear to be sealed with saliva. The song has a mean centre frequency of 3.2 kHz and is made up of variable-length trills of pulses of mean duration 15.8 ms. Many song pulses had smooth envelopes and their frequency did not vary by more than +/-40Hz from the centre frequency, with a relative bandwidth Q-3dB of over 50. Other pulses showed considerable amplitude and frequency modulation within the pulse. When driven by external sound, burrows resonated at a mean frequency of 3.5 kHz with a mean quality factor Q of 7.4. Natural-size model burrows resonated at similar frequencies with similar Q values. One cricket, which had previously called from its own burrow at 2.95 kHz, sang at 3.27 kHz from a burrow that resonated at the same frequency. Life-size model burrows driven by external sound resonated at similar frequencies to the actual burrows; models three times life size resonated at one-third of this frequency. In all models, the sound pressure was more-or-less constant throughout the top chamber but fell rapidly in the neck of the burrow; the phase of the sound was effectively constant in the top chamber and neck and fell through approximately 180 degrees in passing from the neck into the lower chamber. A numerical model of the sound flow from region to region gave essentially similar results. A resonant electrical model fed from a high-impedance source with discrete tone bursts at different frequencies showed similar amplitude and frequency modulation to the various types of song pulses that were observed. It is suggested that the high purity of the songs results from close entrainment of the sound-producing mechanism of the insect's wings to the sharply resonant burrow.

10aacoustics10aanimal vocalization10aAnimals10aAustralia10aenvironment10aGryllidae1 aBailey, Winston, J.1 aBennet-Clark, H., C.1 aFletcher, N, H uhttp://jeb.biologists.org/content/204/16/2827.long04715nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001400041245007600055210006900131260001300200300001200213490000800225520411800233653002504351653001704376653001204393653001404405653002404419100002504443856004104468 2003 eng d a0022-094900aWing resonances in the Australian field cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus.0 aWing resonances in the Australian field cricket Teleogryllus oce c2003 May a1479-960 v2063 a

The anatomy and mechanics of the fore-wings of the Australian cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus were examined to study how resonances of the wings were excited, to model the interactions between the two wings during sound production, to account for the frequency changes that occur within the pulses and to determine the variation in sound amplitude during the pulses. Sound is produced after raising the wings by closing the right wing over the left; the plectrum of the left wing engages and releases teeth on the file on the underside of the right wing. The mean number of teeth on the right file is 252; the teeth are more closely spaced in the posterior part of the file, which is engaged at the start of the song pulses. The anterior part of the file is separated from the base of the harp by a short flexible region. The dorsal field of the wing, in which the harp is situated, is largely mechanically isolated from the driving veins of the lateral field, except for a cross vein at the apex of the harp. The harps of the two wings did not differ significantly in area but the plectrum of the left wing was significantly longer and wider than that of the right wing. The posterior edge of the plectrum has a radius of approximately 0.5 micro m, which allows it to engage the 20 micro m-tall teeth of the file. The plectrum is separated from the wing by a 0.5 micro m-thick crescent that allows it to twist lengthways and thus disengage the file teeth. The sigmoid shape of the file allows the plectrum to engage teeth over most of the length of the file. The calling song of T. oceanicus consists of a chirp of four similar pulses followed by a trill of pairs of pulses. The dominant frequency of all pulses is approximately 4.8 kHz but cycle-by-cycle analysis suggests that the different types of pulse are produced by wing-closing movements through different arcs. Free resonances of the left wing occurred at 4.56 kHz [quality factor (Q)=25.1] and of the right wing at 4.21 kHz (Q=23.9). Driven by loud sound, maximum vibration of the harp was seen at approximately 4.5 kHz; at lower sound levels, the vibration was confined to the cross-veins of the harp that extend distally from the file. Resonances of the left wing driven by vibration of the same wing, either at the plectrum or on the anal area, occurred at similar frequencies to those of the songs and had similar Qs but were approximately anti-phase, demonstrating that movement of the plectrum (e.g. by the file teeth) causes an opposite movement of the harp. When the right wing was driven directly on the file, the resonant frequency was 5.88 kHz but, when driven on the file via a length of the left file and the left plectrum, it was 4.83 kHz. The amplitude of the vibration increased from the posterior end of the file to the middle then fell towards the anterior end of the file. Pushing a left plectrum across the middle of the right file produced trains of damped sound pulses at 4.82 kHz (Q=23.4). Clicks excited from the anterior end of the file had lower frequencies. The resonances excited from both the left wing via its plectrum and from the right wing when driven via the left plectrum were similar in frequency to that of the song. The resonance of the dorsal field persisted after ablation of the harp but the mean resonant frequency increased 1.12-fold with a similar Q to the intact wing. Droplets of water on the distal end of the harp or proximal part of the dorsal field raised the resonant frequency. The resonant frequency was lowered by the addition of weights to the harp or the file; the factor of the decrease suggested that the mass of the resonant system was approximately 1.4 mg, which accords with the mass of the harp plus file plus anal area of the wing (left wing, 1.27 mg; right wing, 1.15 mg) but is far heavier than the harp (0.22 mg). An earlier suggestion that the harp is the resonator is not supported; instead, it is proposed that the major elastic component of the resonant system is the file plus 1st anal vein and that the mass component is the combined mass of the file, anal area and harp.

10aanimal communication10aanimal wings10aAnimals10aGryllidae10asound spectrography1 aBennet-Clark, H., C. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/nn/node/1720602180nas a2200217 4500008004100000022001400041245011600055210006900171260001300240300001000253490000700263520154400270653001201814653001401826653001501840653001501855653001501870100002001885700001601905856004101921 1978 eng d a0022-075200aUltrastructural study of the development of the auditory tympana in the cricket Teleogryllus commodus (Walker).0 aUltrastructural study of the development of the auditory tympana c1978 Aug a75-870 v463 a

The cuticle in the tympanal area of immature crickets, Teleogryllus commodus (Walker), is ultrastructurally indistinguishable from that elsewhere on the prothoracic leg. It is only in the pharate adult that changes associated with development of the tympana first appear. In pharate adults and adults the external layer of the tympana consists of a layer of electron-dense material overlying a layer where the electron-dense material is interspersed with cuticle in which the bundles of microfibrils are coarser and more loosely arranged than elsewhere in the leg. The innermost portion of the tympana consists of this same type of cuticle without the electron-dense material. Associated with the appearance of the electron-dense material in the tympana of the pharate adult is a change in the toluidine blue staining properties from blue to deep purple. The reaction of the tympana in acid and base is consistent with their being composed of chitin. There are no major deposits of resilin in the tympana. In the first few days following the imaginal ecdysis the posterior tympanum and underlying trachea come into tight apposition due to the withdrawal of the epidermal cells. The epidermal cells do not withdraw from beneath the anterior tympanum. The surrounding non-tympanal cuticle continues to thicken for several weeks with the result that in the mature adult the posterior tympanum serves as an acoustic window in the thick cuticle of the leg. The functional significance of the anterior tympanum has not been established.

10aAnimals10aepidermis10amicrovilli10amiddle ear10aOrthoptera1 aBall, Eldon, E.1 aCowan, A, N uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/nn/node/17205