02071nas a2200205   4500008004100000022001400041245010800055210006900163260001600232520140100248653001201649653001101661653001601672653001701688100001801705700002101723700001901744700002401763856007801787       2018                        eng d  a1674-550700aTemporal adjustment of short calls according to a partner during vocal turn-taking in Japanese macaques0 aTemporal adjustment of short calls according to a partner during  cMar-10-20193 a<p>Turn-taking is a common feature in human speech, and is also seen in the communication of other primate species. However, evidence of turn-taking in vocal exchanges within a short time frame is still scarce in nonhuman primates. This study investigated whether dynamic adjustment during turn-taking in short calls exists in Japanese macaques Macaca fuscata. We observed exchanges of short calls such as grunts, girneys, and short, low coos during social interactions in a free-ranging group of Japanese macaques. We found that the median gap between the turns of two callers was 250&thinsp;ms. Call intervals varied among individuals, suggesting that call intervals were not fixed among individuals. Solo call intervals were shorter than call intervals interrupted by responses from partners (i.e., exchanges) and longer than those between the partner&rsquo;s reply and the reply to that call, indicating that the monkeys did not just repeat calls at certain intervals irrespective of the social situation. The differences in call intervals during exchanged and solo call sequences were explained by the response interval of the partner, suggesting an adjustment of call timing according to the tempo of the partner&rsquo;s call utterance. These findings suggest that monkeys display dynamic temporal adjustment in a short time window, which is comparable to turn-taking in human speech.</p>
10aprimate10arhythm10aturn-taking10avocalization1 aKatsu, Noriko1 aYamada, Kazunori1 aOkanoya, Kazuo1 aNakamichi, Masayuki  uhttps://academic.oup.com/cz/advance-article/doi/10.1093/cz/zoy077/513269002075nas a2200193   4500008004100000022001400041245008800055210006900143260001600212520145000228653002501678653001201703653001101715653002001726653001901746100002001765700001801785856007801803       2018                        eng d  a1674-550700aEffects of metronomic sounds on a self-paced tapping task in budgerigars and humans0 aEffects of metronomic sounds on a selfpaced tapping task in budg  cNov-10-20183 a<p>The origin of rhythmic synchronisation or entrainment to a musical beat in animals have been widely discussed. Parrots are suitable animals to examine the relationship between the capability of vocal learning and spontaneous rhythmic synchronisation. In this study, budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) learned to tap (peck) two keys alternately at a self-paced rate. Then, the metronomic sounds were played in the background during test sessions while the birds were performing the key pecking task, although they were not required to synchronise tap timing with the metronome. We found modest but significant effects of the metronome rhythms on the tap timing in some subjects. We also tested humans (Homo sapiens) using almost the same method. In contrast to the birds, a number of human subjects synchronised tap timing to the onset of the metronome without verbal or documented instructions. However, we failed to find an effect of the metronome on self-paced tap timing in some human subjects, although they were capable of rhythmic synchronisation. This is the first report describing the effects of metronomic sounds on self-paced tapping in non-human vocal learners. This study introduces a new method that can be used in future research comparing birds that differ in vocal learning capacities, social structure, age, sex, hormonal status, and so on as part of examinations of the evolutionary foundations of beat processing.</p>
10aoperant conditioning10aparrots10arhythm10asynchronisation10avocal learning1 aSeki, Yoshimasa1 aTomyta, Kenta  uhttps://academic.oup.com/cz/advance-article/doi/10.1093/cz/zoy075/5126939