@article {57946, title = {No evidence for DPOAEs in the mechanical motion of the locust tympanum}, year = {2011}, abstract = {

Distortion-product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) are present in non-linear hearing organs, and for low-intensity sounds are a by-product of active processes. In vertebrate ears they are considered to be due to hair cell amplification of sound in the cochlea; however, certain animals lacking a cochlea and hair cells are also reported to be capable of DPOAEs. In the Insecta, DPOAEs have been recorded from the locust auditory organ. However, the site of generation of these DPOAEs and the physiological mechanisms causing their presence in the locust ear are not yet understood, despite there being a number of potential places in the tympanal organ that could be capable of generating DPOAEs. This study aimed to record locust tympanal membrane vibration using a laser Doppler vibrometer in order to identify a distinct place of DPOAE generation on the membrane. Two species of locust were investigated over a range of frequencies and levels of acoustic stimulus, mirroring earlier acoustic recording studies; however, the current experiments were carried out in an open acoustic system. The laser measurements did not find any evidence of mechanical motion on the tympanal membrane related to the expected DPOAE frequencies. The results of the current study therefore could not confirm the presence of DPOAEs in the locust ear through the mechanics of the tympanal membrane. Experiments were also carried out to test how membrane behaviour altered when the animals were in a state of hypoxia, as this was previously found to decrease DPOAE magnitude, suggesting a metabolic sensitivity. However, hypoxia did not have any significant effect on the membrane mechanics. The location of the mechanical generation of DPOAEs in the locust\’s ear, and
therefore the basis for the related physiological mechanisms, thus remains unknown.

}, keywords = {bioacoustics, distortion-product otoacoustic emissions, hearing, laser Doppler vibrometry, locust, tympanum}, doi = {10.1242/jeb.056465}, url = {http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.056465https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1242/jeb.056465}, author = {Moir, H. M. and Joseph Curt Jackson and James F.C. Windmill} } @article {57668, title = {The neuroethology of acoustic startle and escape in flying insects}, year = {1989}, abstract = {

The acoustic startle/escape response is a phylogenetically widespread behavioral act, provoked by an intense, unexpected sound. At least six orders of insects have evolved tympanate ears that serve acoustic behavior that ranges from sexual communication to predator detection. Insects that fly at night are vulnerable to predation by insectivorous bats that detect and locate their prey by using biosonar signals. Of the six orders of insects that possess tympanate hearing organs, four contain species that fly at night and, in these, hearing is sensitive to a range of ultrasonic frequencies found in the biosonar signals of bats. Laboratory and field studies have shown that these insects (including some orthopterans, lepidopterans, neuropterans and dictyopterans), when engaged in flight behavior, respond to ultrasound by suddenly altering their flight, showing acoustic startle or negative phonotaxis, which serve as bat-avoidance behavior. A neural analysis of ultrasound-mediated escape behavior was undertaken in the field cricket Telegryllus oceanicus. An identified thoracic interneuron, int-1, was shown to trigger the escape response, but only when the cell was driven (synaptically or electrically) at high spike rates, and only when the insect was performing flight behavior; avoidance steering only occurs in the appropriate behavioral context: flight. Thus, significant constraints operate upon the ability of int-1 to trigger the escape response. The integration of auditory input and flight central pattern generator output occurs in the brain. It is found that neural activity descending from the brain in response to stimulation by ultrasound is increased when the insect is flying compared to when it is not. Although the behavioral act of avoidance steering may appear to be a simple reflex act, further analysis shows it to be anything but simple.

}, author = {Ronald R. Hoy and Nolen, Tom and Brodfuehrer, Peter} } @article {53341, title = {Note on acoustic signals of grasshopper males of the genera Epacromius and Platypygius (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Oedipodinae) from Russia and adjacent territories}, journal = {Far Eastern entomologist}, volume = {370}, year = {2018}, month = {Jun-16-20182071}, pages = {21 - 24}, abstract = {

Acoustic courtship of males of three species, Epacromius pulverulentus, E. tergistinus and Platypygius crassus from Russia (Southern Siberia) and Ukraine (Cis-Azov Region), are described and illustrated by oscillograms at the first time. There are two types of stridulation: tegmina-femoral (all species) and tibia-tegminal (E. tergistinus). Calling signals for these species are not recognized.

}, keywords = {acoustic signals, Acrididae, grasshoppers, Oedipodinae, Orthoptera, Siberia, Ukraine}, issn = {1026051X}, doi = {10.25221/fee10.25221/fee.370.3}, url = {http://www.biosoil.ru/FEE/}, author = {Benediktov, А.А.} } @article {52747, title = {Sound production of two endemic Oedipodinae grasshoppers from the Iberian Peninsula: Jacobsiella imitans and Leptopternis candidus lusitanicus (Orthoptera: Acrididae)}, journal = {Italian Journal of Zoology}, volume = {77}, year = {2010}, month = {Sep-12-2010}, pages = {443 - 452}, abstract = {

In this study, which was conducted with captive specimens kept in wooden cages and separated by sex, the sounds produced by Jacobsiella imitans (Brunner, 1882) and Leptopternis candidus lusitanicus (Ebner, 1941) (Orthoptera, Acrididae) are described. Sounds were recorded with a digital audio tape recorder; the signal was digitized and then analysed with the Avisoft\® software. Two types of sound, both produced by stridulation, were recorded in these species: an interaction song, produced when specimens are disturbed by others, and a courtship song, emitted by males when mounting another individual in trying to copulate. In both species, females are mute. Data concerning the time and frequency domains of these sounds are presented. The behaviour observed by both species in nature and that displayed when interacting with other individuals and during courtship are described. The role of song as an isolation mechanism is discussed.

}, keywords = {behaviour, Jacobsiella, Leptopternis, Oedipodinae, Orthoptera, sound production}, issn = {1125-0003}, doi = {10.1080/11250000903457830}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/11250000903457830}, author = {Larrosa, E. and M. Garcia and Presa, J. J.} } @article {50652, title = {Communicative aspects of reproductive behaviour in Australian grasshoppers (Oedipodinae and Gomphocerinae)}, journal = {Australian Journal of Zoology}, volume = {20}, year = {1972}, month = {Jan-01-1972}, pages = {139}, abstract = {

Communicative behaviour of nine species of Australian grasshoppers (seven Oedipodinae and two Gomphocerinae) is described and compared to North American and European species. Most signal types are represented in all three continents. Most similarities between the three groups are probably due to the retention of characteristics present in common ancestors. Other similarities evidently are convergent (i.e. arose independently in each continent); these include: (1) loss of femoro-tegminal stridulation in several species; (2) changes in the function of signals from one communicative context to another; (3) the ritualization of kicking movements (i.e. the evolution of signals from non-communicative kicking movements) ; (4) the evolution of specialized flight sounds in the Gomphocerinae. Female attracting flight displays are performed by relatively few Australian Oedipodinae. Characteristics of an individual that are closely associated with behaviour or physiological states of that individual and that are relevant to the activities or wellbeing of other individuals have a greater probability of becoming signals (becoming ritualized) than movements that occur in many situations (i.e. that are unpredictable).

}, issn = {0004-959X}, doi = {10.1071/ZO9720139}, url = {http://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=ZO9720139}, author = {Daniel Otte} } @article {20335, title = {ACOUSTICAL AND SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR IN THE GRASSHOPPER CHIMAROCEPHALA PACIFICA PACIFICA (OEDIPODINAE)}, journal = {Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata}, volume = {13}, year = {1970}, month = {Jan-03-1970}, pages = {71 - 84}, abstract = {

The oedipodine grasshopper Chimarocephala pacifica pacifica employs a variety of acoustic and visual signals for communication between the sexes and between members of the same sex. These signals, which are expressed in the form of stridulations and vibrations by the male or as the waving-gesture by both sexes, characterize either the premating and mating state or the state of disturbance and defence, depending on the circumstances that elicit these expressions. The occurrence and timing of copulation are dictated by the cyclic sexual receptivity and non-receptivity behaviour phases of the female. Oscillograms and spectrograms of vibration and stridulation by the male are presented. The behaviour terminology employed in grasshopper studies is critically reviewed.

}, doi = {10.1111/eea.1970.13.issue-110.1111/j.1570-7458.1970.tb00088.x}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/eea.1970.13.issue-1}, author = {W. Loher and M. K. Chandrashekaran} } @article {17255, title = {Acoustic Communication and Differences in the Biology of Two Sibling Species of Grasshoppers, Acrotylus insubricus and A. patruelis}, journal = {Annals of the Entomological Society of America}, volume = {65}, year = {1972}, pages = {17-24}, chapter = {17}, abstract = {

In Israel, sexually mature adults of the sibling species of grashoppers Acrotylus insubricus (Scopoli) and A. patruelis (Herrich-Shaffer) occur both allopatrically and sympatrically. To distinguish between the 2 species in areas of sympatry and to help resolve their confused taxonomy, nonmorphological criteria were sought. The mating and acoustic behavior of these species and some aspects of their biology were therefore studies.

No species-specific differences in mating or acoustic behaviour were found. Stridulatory songs of the 2 species were similar for all parameters studied, as was substrate drumming, studied both as airborne sound and solidborne sound (i.e., substrate vibrations). No response to playback of either form of sound, or of substrate vibrations as such, was obtained under the conditions of our experiments.

Under identical conditions of incubation, eggs of A. patreulis hatched in a significantly hsorter time than those of A. insubricus, and gave rise to uniformly grey nymphs differing from the black-headed, light-bodied nymphs of the latter species. Under \"no-choice\" laboratory conditions, F1 hybrids were obtained from each of teh reciprocal parental crosses. Songs of hybrid males could not be distinguished from those of the parent species.

}, author = {Blondheim, Syril A.} } @article {17251, title = {The Stridulation of Sexually Mature Males of Locusta migratoria migratorioides (R. and F.) in Relation to Temperature and Some Other Factors}, journal = {Physiological Zoology}, volume = {42}, year = {1969}, month = {Jan-10-1969}, pages = {417 - 428}, issn = {0031-935X}, doi = {10.1086/physzool.42.4.30155513}, url = {http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/physzool.42.4.30155513}, author = {Bar-Ilan, A. R. and A. S. Shulov and M. P. Pener} } @article {17240, title = {Field Behavior And Sound Production By The Grasshopper Sphingonotus rubescens (Orthoptera, Acrididae) On Tenerife, Canary Islands}, journal = {Entomological News}, volume = {96}, year = {1985}, pages = {37-42}, chapter = {37}, abstract = {

Males and females of the oedipodine grasshopper Sphingonotus rubescens crepitate by producing a click-buzz sound. Males have 3 types of stridulation: (1 and 2) a common whistkle-click combination lasting less than 1 sec and often followed by a hop-turn or very short flight, and (3) a bussing lasting ca. 1.2 sec when 2 or more males are less than 1m apart. Male courtship behviour is described.

}, url = {http://biostor.org/reference/77030}, author = {R. G. Bland} } @article {17172, title = {Hind femora influence directionality of the locust ear}, journal = {Journal of Comparative Physiology ? A}, volume = {152}, year = {1983}, month = {Jan-01-1983}, pages = {509 - 516}, issn = {0340-7594}, doi = {10.1007/BF00606440}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00606440}, author = {Adam, L. J.} }