01368nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245008000055210006900135260001600204300001200220490000800232520077800240100003201018700002201050856013801072 1987 eng d a0036-807500aBat Predation and Its Influence on Calling Behavior in Neotropical Katydids0 aBat Predation and Its Influence on Calling Behavior in Neotropic cFeb-10-1987 a64 - 670 v2383 a

Insectivorous bats have influenced the development of antipredator behavior in moths, green lacewings, crickets, and mantids; until recently, such adaptations were unknown in katydids. Foliage-gleaning bats in Panama can use the female-attracting, airborne calling songs of nocturnal katydids to locate prey. They also feed heavily on these insects. Katydid species sympatric with these bats exhibit markedly reduced calling song duty cycles. Males supplement shortened songs with complex, species-specific tremulations that generate vibrations that are inaudible to bats but reach conspecific females through a shared plant substrate. Female katydids do not call audibly but are also preyed on in large numbers, perhaps as a result of moving toward calling males.

1 aBelwood, Jacqueline, Janine1 aMorris, Glenn, K. uhttp://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.238.4823.64https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1126/science.238.4823.6401070nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001300041245006600054210006400120260001600184300001400200490000700214520061500221100002200836856006600858 1971 eng d a0003347200aAggression in male conocephaline grasshoppers (tettigoniidae)0 aAggression in male conocephaline grasshoppers tettigoniidae cJan-02-1971 a132 - 1370 v193 a

Fighting occurs under field and laboratory conditions between conspecific males of the long horn grasshoppers O. gladiator, O. vulgare and C. nigropleurum. Approaches of 90 to 180 cm by Orchelimum males culminated in venter-to-venter grappling. Such fights usually ended in the silent withdrawal of one combatant, while the other initiated steady song from the encounter site. Only singing males were approached. Stridulation appears both to trigger the approach and to serve as a navigational aid during its excution. An area is maintained around dominating males that is free of conspecific signers.

1 aMorris, Glenn, K. uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S000334727180147100544nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245013200055210006900187260001600256300001400272490000700286100002200293700002300315856006000338 1978 eng d a0033-261500aGeographical Distribution and Biological Observations of Cyphoderris (Orthoptera: Haglidae) With a Description of a New Species0 aGeographical Distribution and Biological Observations of Cyphode cJan-01-1978 a147 - 1670 v851 aMorris, Glenn, K.1 aGwynne, Darryl, T. uhttp://www.hindawi.com/journals/psyche/1978/084389/abs/01378nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001300041245010000054210006900154260001600223300001300239490000700252520088500259100002201144856006601166 1980 eng d a0003347200aCalling display and mating behaviour of Copiphora rhinoceros Pictet (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)0 aCalling display and mating behaviour of Copiphora rhinoceros Pic cJan-02-1980 a42 - IN10 v283 a

Substrate-transmitted signals, known from scattered accounts to occur in several species of acoustic Orthoptera, are brought together and briefly reviewed. Males of a neotropical katydid, Copiphora rhinoceros, were found to alternate stereotyped bouts of body vibration (tremulation) with an 8.7-kHz air-borne song. This calling display is remarkable in combining vegetation-conducted transverse waves with stridulation. A complete acoustic analysis accompanies detailed descriptions of three field matings. Females responded to the male's display silently but with similar body shaking. Copulation lasted almost 4 h, and courtship was prolonged by repeated male withdrawals. The male's coyness probably reflects a costly nutritional investment in a single mating: his spermatophore includes a huge bilobed spermatophylax, consumed by the female after copulation.

1 aMorris, Glenn, K. uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S000334728080006601488nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001300041245010600054210006900160260001600229300000800245520098200253100002901235700002201264856005601286 1999 eng d a1082646700aSongs and Systematics of Some Tettigoniidae from Colombia and Ecuador I. Pseudophyllinae (Orthoptera)0 aSongs and Systematics of Some Tettigoniidae from Colombia and Ec cJan-11-1999 a1633 a

This paper provides taxonomic description for 16 species of pseudophylline katydid. Analysis of the calling songs is given for all but one. Among 14 genera Mystron and Stetharasa are new. Eleven new species are described from four Provinces in Ecuador: Morona Santiago, Pichincha, Los Rios and Napo, and two southern Departamentos of Colombia: Valle del Cauca and Risaralda. The diverse species-specific calling songs of Pseudophyllinae are comprised of either transient or sinusoidal pulses. The carrier frequency song spectrum occurs in conjunction with these two pulse types, as either a band (transient pulse, low Q) or a single dominant narrow-peak carrier (sinusoidal, high Q). And stridulatory file morphology differs accordingly. Principal carriers in the songs of the species described here range from the audio to the low ultrasonic (20-30 kHz); overall among pseudophylline species whose songs are known (n = 65), a majority (75%) incorporate high Q pulses.

1 aZ., Fernando, Montealegr1 aMorris, Glenn, K. uhttp://www.jstor.org/stable/3503439?origin=crossref00892nas a2200157 4500008004100000245009500041210006900136260001200205300001200217490000700229520038900236100002200625700002200647700002100669856004400690 1975 eng d00aCalling Songs of Neduba macneilli and N. sierranus (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Decticinae)0 aCalling Songs of Neduba macneilli and N sierranus Orthoptera Tet c12/1975 a229-2340 v833 a

The calling songs of decticines remain largely undescribed. Songs of Neduba macneilli and N. sierranus were recorded and analysed. These species have mirror-image tegmina and individual specimens exhibit reversed wing overlap. Wing symmetry and the elaborate pronotum characteristic of this genus are discussed as adaptations which increase the efficiency of sound radiation.

1 aMorris, Glenn, K.1 aAiken, Ronald, B.1 aKerr, Gordon, E. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/pt-pt/node/5150901360nas a2200133 4500008004100000245009200041210006900133300001200202490000800214520092600222100002201148700001501170856004101185 1982 eng d00aSong Structure and Description of Some Costa Rican Katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)0 aSong Structure and Description of Some Costa Rican Katydids Orth a287-3140 v1083 a

The physical features of the calling songs of a dozen species of Tettigoniidae from Costa Rica are recorded and analyzed. A new species, Cocconotus pusillus, is described from the cloud forest.

Several forms from the understory of lowland rainforest utilize high-Q (sinusoidal) carrier frequencies in the ultrasonic range and to this end the sound generating regions of the tegmina are uniquely strengthened. Relative to other katydids, these insects show what may be adaptations for avoidance of predatory bats: elongate antennae, lowered thresholds for elicitation of defensive behaviour and a severely curtailed signal emission time. It is proposed that reduced signal dura tion has placed a selective premium on localization efficiency during pair formation. The ultrasonic pure tone carrier, functioning in conjunction with highly directional ear slits, may be an adaptation to enhance localization.

1 aMorris, Glenn, K.1 aBeier, Max uhttp://www.jstor.org/stable/2507830100469nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245007600055210006900131260001600200300001200216490000700228100002200235700001800257856004800275 1995 eng d a0028-104200aCovert stridulation: Novel sound generation by a South American Katydid0 aCovert stridulation Novel sound generation by a South American K cJan-02-1995 a96 - 980 v821 aMorris, Glenn, K.1 aMason, A., C. uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF0114015102038nas a2200253 4500008004100000022001300041245011500054210006900169260001600238300001200254490000800266520125900274653001701533653001201550653001301562653001401575653001701589100001801606700002401624700002201648700002001670700002801690856006601718 2017 eng d a0044523100aWing resonances in a new dead-leaf-mimic katydid (Tettigoniidae: Pterochrozinae) from the Andean cloud forests0 aWing resonances in a new deadleafmimic katydid Tettigoniidae Pte cJan-09-2017 a60 - 700 v2703 a

Day-camouflaged leaf-mimic katydids Typophyllum spp. have a remarkable way of evading predators as male and female forewings appear as bite-damaged leaves complete with necrotic spots. As in all other katydids, males produce sound signals to attract females by rubbing their forewings together. The biophysical properties of these special leaf-like forewings remain obscure. Here we study the wing mechanics and resonances of Typophyllum spurioculis, a new species of leaf-mimic katydid with a broad distribution in the Andes from Western Ecuador to the middle Central Cordillera in Colombia. This species performs an unusual laterally directed aposematic display, showing orange spots that simulate eyes at the leg base. At night, males are conspicuous by their loud, audible calling songs, which exhibit two spectral peaks at ca. 7 and 12 kHz. Using micro-scanning laser Doppler vibrometry we find the effective sound radiators of the wings (speculae) vibrate with three modes of vibration, two of which include the frequencies observed in the calling song. Remarkably, this resonance is preserved in the parts of the wings mimicking necrotic leaves, which are in theory not specialised for sound production. The eyespot function is discussed.

10abush-cricket10akatydid10amimetism10aresonance10astridulation1 aBaker, Andrew1 aSarria-S, Fabio, A.1 aMorris, Glenn, K.1 aJonsson, Thorin1 aMontealegre-Z, Fernando uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S004452311730074801878nas a2200253 4500008004100000022001400041245014500055210006900200260001600269300001200285490000600297520105900303653001701362653001701379653001901396653001101415653001401426653001501440100003301455700002201488700002401510700002201534856006801556 2011 eng d a1477-200000aQuality calls: phylogeny and biogeography of a new genus of neotropical katydid (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) with ultra pure-tone ultrasonics0 aQuality calls phylogeny and biogeography of a new genus of neotr cSep-03-2012 a77 - 940 v93 a

This paper describes Artiotonus, a new genus of tropical katydid from Colombia and Ecuador. These acoustic ensiferans are represented by three species with a geographic distribution generally restricted to the rainforest of the Bolivar geosyncline of northwestern South America (Pacific). A phylogenetic analysis based on 28 morphological and six behavioural characters produced a tree (A. artius, (A. tinae, A. captivus)) with a consistency index of 0.9. All species are defined by a few autapomorphic changes. The most reliable character for identification is the temporal pattern of the calling song, suggesting a recent genetic divergence. Biogeographic analysis indicates that such genetic divergence began with geographic isolation produced before the Holocene transgression. Species of this genus are remarkable in that the calling song of males exhibits a narrow spectrum with a high quality factor (37–42), unusual values for such ultrasonic signals. A broad discussion on the evolution of tonal calls and pulse trains is offered.

10aBiogeography10acalling song10aConocephalinae10ahigh-Q10apure tone10aultrasound1 aMontealegre-Zapata, Fernando1 aMorris, Glenn, K.1 aSarria-S, Fabio, A.1 aMason, Andrew, C. uhttp://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14772000.2011.56020901223nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245011000055210006900165260001600234300001400250490000800264520068600272100002200958700002300980856006201003 1972 eng d a0008-347X00aTHE RELATION OF SONG STRUCTURE TO TEGMINAL MOVEMENT IN METRIOPTERA SPHAGNORUM (ORTHOPTERA: TETTIGONIIDAE)0 aRELATION OF SONG STRUCTURE TO TEGMINAL MOVEMENT IN METRIOPTERA S cJan-07-1972 a977 - 9850 v1043 a

Flash photography of the wings of a decticine katydid, Metrioptera sphagnorum (F. Walker), during stridulation, indicates that major trains of sound pulses of both song modes coincide with wing closures. The song mode characterized by intense ultrasonics is generated by tooth–scraper interactions over an interval of approximately 60 teeth at the lateral end of the file. A more medial file region is employed for the audio-dominated mode. Tooth removal confirms the role of different file regions in mode generation. Each pulse of the ultrasonic mode closure is a wave train of 10–15 waves of uniform amplitude, approximating a pure tone frequency of 33 kHz.

1 aMorris, Glenn, K.1 aPipher, Robert, E. uhttps://entnemdept.ifas.ufl.edu/walker/buzz/s104lmp72.pdf00426nas a2200109 4500008004100000245009500041210006900136300001000205100002300215700002200238856005600260 1983 eng d00aRandom noise and generic discrimination in Conocephalus (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)0 aRandom noise and generic discrimination in iConocephalusi Orthop a73-961 aGwynne, Darryl, T.1 aMorris, Glenn, K. uhttp://entnemdept.ufl.edu/Walker/buzz/s220lmf83.pdf02882nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001400041245011900055210006900174260001600243300001400259490000800273520231600281100002302597700002202620700002202642856004802664 1989 eng d a0340-759400aAuditory processing in the black-sided meadow katydid Conocephalus nigropleurum (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)0 aAuditory processing in the blacksided meadow katydid iConocephal cJan-01-1989 a501 - 5120 v1643 a

1. The auditory system of the tettigoniid,Conocephalus nigropleurum was examined using whole auditory nerve responses (averaged summed action potentials (SAPs)) and intracellularly recorded single cells (receptor and interneurone) to pure tone stimuli and con- and heterospecific (C. brevipennis) songs.

2.The morphology of the auditory tracheal system and crista acustica is documented forC. nigropleurum. A broadly open thoracic spiracle (stigma) leads, via a horn, camera and foreleg trachea to a crista acustica of 28 receptor cells.

3. C. nigropleurum's auditory sensitivity is broadly tuned to 15–35 kHz which is below the peak frequency band of its calling song (30–36 kHz). The ear possesses a dynamic range of at least 30 dB and pulsed sounds with short (<0.5 ms) onset times or long interpulse periods (>200 ms) elicit maximal responses. We suggest this is caused by increased auditory receptor firing synchrony to these types of sounds and may facilitate the location of such sounds. There is, however, discrepancy between the pulse periods that elicit maximal SAP amplitudes and those found within the normal calling song, a phenomenon which may be related to the chorusing behaviour of this species.

4.Polar directional plots indicate thatC. nigropleurum is most sensitive to sounds originating posterior to the opening of the prothoracic auditory stigma; this may be caused by the configuration of the prothoracic pronotum. We found no pronounced sensitivity at points facing the tympanal slits.

5.Intracellular recordings reveal prothoracic receptors with widely decussate and narrowly branched termini. No receptor tested was able to track the intra-phonatome pulses (tooth strike sounds) of either species and we conclude that the phonatome is the finest resoluble component of the song.

6. An acoustically-activated interneurone (101) was recorded that resembles both the gryllid int-2 (Omega) cell and that of another tettigoniid. We suggest that tonic interneuronal firing caused by the multiple singer chorused song of either species activates the initial stages of phonotaxis in receptiveC. nigropleurum females but individual species recognition may depend at least partially on the discrimination of phonatome rates.

1 aFullard, James, H.1 aMorris, Glenn, K.1 aMason, Andrew, C. uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF0061044401130nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245012000055210006900175260001600244300001400260490000800274520059400282100002200876700002300898856005100921 1976 eng d a0008-347X00aCALLING SONGS OF ORCHELIMUM MEADOW KATYDIDS (TETTIGONIIDAE): I. MECHANISM, TERMINOLOGY, AND GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION0 aCALLING SONGS OF ORCHELIMUM MEADOW KATYDIDS TETTIGONIIDAE I MECH cJan-08-1976 a785 - 8000 v1083 aA terminology useful in describing conocephaline amplitude modulation patterns is presented in this first part of a three-part study of calling songs in Orchelimum meadow katydids. Geographical distributions are mapped for the 18 species which occur in North America north of Mexico and several substantial range extensions reported, Comparison of stridulatory files indicates two types within the genus, one characterized by more widely spaced teeth near the basal end of the file. Teeth are asymmetrical in accordance with the generation of the loudest song components on wing closure. 1 aMorris, Glenn, K.1 aWalker, Thomas, J. uhttp://entnemdept.ufl.edu/walker/ce108p785.pdf01489nas a2200145 4500008004100000245012200041210006900163260001600232300001200248490000700260520096100267100002401228700002201252856006901274 1986 eng d00aConfusion of Phonotaxis by Masking Sounds in the Bushcricket Conocephalus brevipennis (Tettigoniidae: Conocephalinae)0 aConfusion of Phonotaxis by Masking Sounds in the Bushcricket Con cDec-01-1986 a19 - 280 v733 a

Female Conocephalus brevipennis, executing phonotaxis to the call of a conspecific male broadcast from a speaker, were subjected to varying levels of background sound so as to progressively mask the attracting signal. The background consisted of either random noise or the call of a sympatric congener, C. nigropleurum and was delivered from above the orienting female. Disruption of phonotaxis was assayed by monitoring the angular dispersion of the female's exit path from the arena, relative to the position of the conspecific call. Random noise significantly interfered with phonotaxis when it was within 2 dB of the conspecific call intensity, both signals measured at the centre of the arena. The equivalent effect of the call C. nigropleurum was 5 dB above conspecific call intensity. The implication of signal loss within background noise is discussed as are the possible interactive behaviours of competing sympatric syntopic species.

1 aBailey, Winston, J.1 aMorris, Glenn, K. uhttp://blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/eth.1986.73.issue-102023nas a2200193 4500008004100000245016200041210006900203260001600272300001100288490000600299520131800305100002401623700002201647700002601669700002601695700003301721700002301754856005201777 2014 eng d00aShrinking Wings for Ultrasonic Pitch Production: Hyperintense Ultra-Short-Wavelength Calls in a New Genus of Neotropical Katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)0 aShrinking Wings for Ultrasonic Pitch Production Hyperintense Ult cMay-06-2014 ae987080 v93 a

This article reports the discovery of a new genus and three species of predaceous katydid (Insecta: Orthoptera) from Colombia and Ecuador in which males produce the highest frequency ultrasonic calling songs so far recorded from an arthropod. Male katydids sing by rubbing their wings together to attract distant females. Their song frequencies usually range from audio (5 kHz) to low ultrasonic (30 kHz). However, males of Supersonus spp. call females at 115 kHz, 125 kHz, and 150 kHz. Exceeding the human hearing range (50 Hz–20 kHz) by an order of magnitude, these insects also emit their ultrasound at unusually elevated sound pressure levels (SPL). In all three species these calls exceed 110 dB SPL rms re 20 m Pa (at 15 cm). Males of Supersonus spp. have unusually reduced forewings (,0.5 mm 2 ). Only the right wing radiates appreciable sound, the left bears the file and does not show a particular resonance. In contrast to most katydids, males of Supersonus spp. position and move their wings during sound production so that the concave aspect of the right wing, underlain by the insect dorsum, forms a contained cavity with sharp resonance. The observed high SPL at extreme carrier frequencies can be explained by wing anatomy, a resonant cavity with a membrane, and cuticle deformation.

1 aSarria-S, Fabio, A.1 aMorris, Glenn, K.1 aWindmill, James, F.C.1 aJackson, Joseph, Curt1 aMontealegre-Zapata, Fernando1 aEtges, William, J. uhttp://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.009870801211nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001400041245016400055210006900219260001600288300001400304490000700318520039100325653001400716653001300730653001200743653001200755653001200767653001700779100003300796700002400829700002200853856009400875 2003 eng d a1082-646700aPanoploscelis specularis (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Pseudophyllinae): extraordinary female sound generator, male description, male protest and calling signals0 aPanoploscelis specularis Orthoptera Tettigoniidae Pseudophyllina cJan-12-2003 a173 - 1810 v123 a

Females of Panoploscelis specularis present a dramatic modification of their forewings for stridulation. The female generator is illustrated and its distinct form contrasted with that of males. The physical form of the signals that females might produce is inferred; male calling and protest signals are characterized. The male of P. specularis is described for the first time.

10aacoustics10aColombia10adefense10aEcuador10akatydid10astridulation1 aMontealegre-Zapata, Fernando1 aGuerra, Patrick, A.1 aMorris, Glenn, K. uhttp://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1665/1082-6467%282003%29012%5B0173%3APSOTPE%5D2.0.CO%3B2