02569nas a2200241 4500008004100000022002500041245013000066210006900196260001600265520177700281100001902058700002402077700002102101700001902122700001602141700001402157700002202171700001902193700002002212700003002232700002402262856004102286 2022 eng d a0023-852X, 1531-499500aAcoustic Screening of the “Wet voice”: Proof of Concept in an ex vivo Canine Laryngeal Model0 aAcoustic Screening of the Wet voice Proof of Concept in an iex v cDec-19-20223 a

Background
Current protocols for bedside swallow evaluation have high rates of false negative results. Though experts are not consistently able to screen for aspiration risk by assessing vocal quality, there is emerging evidence that vocal acoustic parameters are significantly different in patients at risk of aspiration. Herein, we aimed to determine whether the presence of material on the vocal folds in an excised canine laryngeal model may have an impact on acoustic and aerodynamic measures.

Methods
Two ex vivo canine larynges were tested. Three liquids of different viscosities (1:100 diluted glycerin, pure glycerin, and honey-thick Varibar) were placed on the vocal folds at a constant volume. Acoustic and aerodynamic measures were obtained in both adducted and abducted vocal fold configurations. Intraglottal high-speed imaging was used to approximate the maximum divergence angle of the larynges in the studied conditions and examine its relationship to vocal efficiency (VE) and acoustic measures.

Results
In glottic insufficiency conditions only, we found that several acoustic parameters could predict the presence of material on the vocal folds. Based on the combination of the aerodynamic and acoustic data, we found that decreased spectral energy in the higher harmonics was associated with decreased VE in the presence of material on the vocal folds and/or glottic insufficiency.

Conclusion
Decreased spectral energy in the higher harmonics of the voice was found to be a potential biomarker of swallowing dysfunction, as it correlates with decreased vocal efficiency due to material on the vocal folds and/or glottic insufficiency, both of which are known risk factors for aspiration.

1 aRameau, Anaïs1 aAndreadis, Katerina1 aGanesan, Vinayak1 aLachs, Mark, S1 aRosen, Tony1 aWang, Fei1 aMaddox, Alexandra1 aKlinck, Holger1 aKhosla, Sid, M.1 ade Luzan, Charles, Farbos1 aMadhusudhana, Shyam uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lary.3052501876nas a2200193 4500008004100000245012500041210006900166520117200235653003101407653002001438653001901458653001801477100002901495700002601524700002701550700001901577700002001596856006601616 2021 eng d00aLimited vocal compensation for elevated ambient noise in bearded seals: implications for an industrializing Arctic Ocean0 aLimited vocal compensation for elevated ambient noise in bearded3 a

Vocalizing animals have several strategies to compensate for elevated ambient noise. These behaviours evolved under historical conditions, but compensation limits are quickly being reached in the Anthropocene. Acoustic communication is essential to male bearded seals that vocalize for courtship and defending territories. As Arctic sea ice declines, industrial activities and associated anthropogenic noise are likely to increase. Documenting how seals respond to noise and identifying naturally occurring behavioural thresholds would indicate either their resilience or vulnerability to changing soundscapes. We investigated whether male bearded seals modified call amplitudes in response to changing ambient noise levels. Vocalizing seals increased their call amplitudes until ambient noise levels reached an observable threshold, above which call source levels stopped increasing. The presence of a threshold indicates limited noise compensation for seals, which still renders them vulnerable to acoustic masking of vocal signals. This behavioural threshold and response to noise is critical for developing management plans for an industrializing Arctic.

10abearded seal advertisement10achanging Arctic10aLombard effect10anoise impacts1 aFournet, Michelle, E. H.1 aSilvestri, Margherita1 aClark, Christopher, W.1 aKlinck, Holger1 aRice, Aaron, N. uhttps://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2020.271202062nas a2200181 4500008004100000245014000041210006900181520139100250653001601641653001401657653002201671653002801693653003301721100002001754700002401774700001901798856006301817 2020 eng d00aBrevity is not a universal in animal communication: evidence for compression depends on the unit of analysis in small ape vocalizations0 aBrevity is not a universal in animal communication evidence for 3 a

Evidence for compression, or minimization of code length, has been found across biological systems from genomes to human language and music. Two linguistic laws—Menzerath’s Law (which states that longer sequences consist of shorter constituents) and Zipf’s Law of abbreviation (a negative relationship between signal length and frequency of use)— are predictions of compression. It has been proposed that compression is a universal in animal communication, but there have been mixed results, particularly in reference to Zipf’s Law of abbreviation. Like songbirds, male gibbons (Hylobates muelleri) engage in long solo bouts with unique combinations of notes which combine into phrases. We found strong support for Menzerath’s Law as the longer a phrase, the shorter the notes. To identify phrase types, we used state-of-the-art affinity propagation clustering, and were able to predict phrase types using support vector machines with a mean accuracy of 74%. Based on unsupervised phrase type classification, we did not find support for Zipf’s Law of abbreviation. Our results indicate that adherence to linguistic laws in male gibbon solos depends on the unit of analysis. We conclude that principles of compression are applicable outside of human language, but may act differently across levels of organization in biological systems.

10acompression10aHylobates10aMenzerath’s Law10aunsupervised clustering10aZipf’s Law of abbreviation1 aClink, Dena, J.1 aAhmad, Abdul, Hamid1 aKlinck, Holger uhttps://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.20015101979nas a2200205 4500008004100000245015500041210006900196520123200265653002701497653001801524653001901542653001001561653001801571100002501589700002901614700002401643700001901667700002101686856006601707 2020 eng d00aAcoustically advertising male harbour seals in southeast Alaska do not make biologically relevant acoustic adjustments in the presence of vessel noise0 aAcoustically advertising male harbour seals in southeast Alaska 3 a

Aquatically breeding harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) males use underwater vocalizations during the breeding season to establish underwater territories, defend territories against intruder males, and possibly to attract females. Vessel noise overlaps in frequency with these vocalizations and could negatively impact breeding success by limiting communication space. In this study, we investigated whether harbour seals employed anti-masking strategies to maintain communication in the presence of vessel noise in Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, Alaska. Harbour seals in this location did not sufficiently adjust source levels or acoustic parameters of vocalizations to compensate for acoustic masking. Instead, for every 1 dB increase in ambient noise, signal excess decreased by 0.84 dB, indicating a reduction in communication space when vessels passed. We suggest that harbour seals may already be acoustically advertising at or near a biologically maximal sound level and therefore lack the ability to increase call amplitude to adjust to changes in their acoustic environment. This may have significant implications for this aquatically breeding pinniped, particularly for populations in high noise regions.

10aacoustic communication10aharbour seals10amarine mammals10aNoise10avocalizations1 aMatthews, Leanna, P.1 aFournet, Michelle, E. H.1 aGabriele, Christine1 aKlinck, Holger1 aParks, Susan, E. uhttps://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2019.079502596nas a2200253 4500008004100000245011100041210006900152520185000221653001102071653001802082653001402100653002502114100001802139700001402157700001302171700001402184700001502198700001902213700001602232700001802248700001502266700001702281856004402298 2019 eng d00aField testing and performance evaluation of the Long-term Acoustic Real-Time Sensor for Polar Areas (LARA)0 aField testing and performance evaluation of the Longterm Acousti3 a

In the Arctic, in-situ measurement of the upper water column properties (e.g., salinity and temperature) has been a challenge because of the seasonal sea ice coverage. A Long-term Acoustic Real-Time Sensor for Polar Areas (LARA) was developed, field-tested in the shallow water off Oregon and its performance evaluated. The LARA utilizes a commercially available underwater profiler winch from NiGK, conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) sensors, and a passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) systems. The sensor section consists of two modules: 1) a satellite antenna with a temperature and depth sensor (TD) and 2) a sensor buoy with a controller, a CTD, and a PAM. Using the two vertically separated temperature and pressure sensors, it is capable of detecting the presence of sea ice by sensing the oceanographic conditions in the upper water column. In addition, using the acoustic sensors, (1) surface wind speed can be estimated from the ambient noise level and (2) enable monitoring of marine mammal calling activity. The winch can be fully controllable from the sensor buoy by acoustic commands. It is capable of aborting an ascent in case sea ice coverage or a high sea state was detected. Although the sea ice detection algorithm could not be tested in Oregon waters, the LARA successfully repeated 94 profiles and transmitted CTD and acoustic detections data via satellite. The wind speed estimates by the PAM were in good agreement with the nearby buoy data. The PAM recorded various biological signals from 10 Hz to 60 kHz including vocalizations of fin, humpback, sperm whales and calls of Pacific white-sided dolphins. The system is capable of repeating 365 profiles or one profile per day for 1 year making it suitable for collecting high-resolution water column data in the extreme weather and water conditions of the Arctic.

10aarctic10abio-acoustics10aprofiling10areal-time detections1 aMatsumoto, H.1 aHaxel, J.1 aKahn, B.1 aRoche, L.1 aTurpin, A.1 aKlinck, Holger1 aDziak, R.P.1 aChildress, J.1 aSexton, K.1 aNakamura, T. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/pt-pt/node/5791502099nas a2200241 4500008004100000245013800041210006900179260001600248520131100264653001701575653002201592653001601614653002001630653001101650653002201661653002201683653002201705100002401727700002201751700001901773700002201792856004301814 2018 eng d00aAcoustic monitoring reveals the times and tides of harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) distribution off central Oregon, U.S.A.0 aAcoustic monitoring reveals the times and tides of harbor porpoi cJan-10-20203 a

Harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) are commonly observed in Oregon’s nearshore marine environment yet knowledge of their eco- system use and behavior remains limited, generating concerns for potential impacts on this species from future coastal development. Pas- sive acoustic monitoring was used to investigate spatial and temporal variations in the presence and foraging activity of harbor porpoises off the Oregon coast from May through October 2014. Digital monitoring devices (DMONs) were deployed to record acoustic data (320 kHz sam- ple rate) in two neighboring but bathymetrically different locations off the Oregon coast: (1) a site on the 30 m isobath in close proximity (<50 m) to a rocky reef, and (2) a site on the 60 m isobath in an open sandy environment. Data were analyzed with respect to two dynamic cyclic variables: diel and tidal phase. Porpoise presence at the rocky reef site was aligned with the ebb phase of the tidal forcing, while, har- bor porpoise presence and foraging at the offshore, sandy bottom site was associated with night-time foraging. The spatial and temporal pat- terns identified in this study suggest harbor porpoise habitat use is modulated by specific environmental conditions particular to each site that maximize foraging efficiency.

10adistribution10aforaging behavior10ahabitat use10aharbor porpoise10aOregon10apassive acoustics10aPhocoena phocoena10atemporal patterns1 aHoldman, Amanda, K.1 aHaxel, Joseph, H.1 aKlinck, Holger1 aTorres, Leigh, G. uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/mms.1253702070nas a2200313 4500008004100000022001400041245006000055210005600115260001600171300001600187490000800203520117800211100002001389700003001409700002401439700002101463700002501484700001901509700002201528700002501550700001901575700002101594700001701615700002101632700002001653700001301673700001901686856005101705 2018 eng d a0001-496600aThe use of context in machine learning for bioacoustics0 ause of context in machine learning for bioacoustics cJan-09-2018 a1728 - 17280 v1443 a

Biological acoustic signals are often produced in context. Contextual information includes things such as timing between calls, conspecific or interspecies cues, and physical environmental cues such as sunrise or sunset. We show how some forms of contextual information can be used to improve the results of detection and classification tasks for biological acoustic signals. We examine how context can be used to improve labeled data, resulting in more-accurate classification results, as well as how learners can exploit context directly. We demonstrate these improvements via two bioacoustic detection/classification tasks. The first algorithm detects odontocete echolocation clicks. We used a decision support system that allowed analysts to label echolocation clicks using between call timing cues as well as other measurements and found that deep learners trained with these high quality data are able to detect clicks in adverse environments. The second algorithm applies contextual information surrounding North Atlantic right whale upcalls to improve precision and recall. [This work was supported by ONR Grant Nos. N00014-17-1-2867 and N00014-15-1-2299.]

1 aRoch, Marie, A.1 aBaumann-Pickering, Simone1 aCholewiak, Danielle1 aFleishman, Erica1 aFrasier, Kaitlin, E.1 aGlotin, Hervé1 aHelble, Tyler, A.1 aHildebrand, John, A.1 aKlinck, Holger1 aLindeneau, Scott1 aLiu, Xiaobai1 aNosal, Eva-Marie1 aPalmer, Kaitlin1 aShiu, Yu1 aSingh, Gurisht uhttp://asa.scitation.org/doi/10.1121/1.506766501961nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001400041245016700055210006900222260001600291300001600307490000800323520134900331100001601680700002501696700001901721856005101740 2018 eng d a0001-496600aDiving behavior of Cuvier's beaked whales inferred from three-dimensional acoustic localization and tracking using a nested array of drifting hydrophone recorders0 aDiving behavior of Cuviers beaked whales inferred from threedime cJan-10-2018 a2030 - 20410 v1443 a

Echolocation pulses from Cuvier's beaked whales are used to track the whales' three-dimensional diving behavior in the Catalina Basin, California. In 2016, five 2-element vertical hydrophone arrays were suspended from the surface and drifted at ∼100-m depth. Cuvier's beaked whale pulses were identified, and vertical detection angles were estimated from time-differences-of-arrival of either direct-path signals received on two hydrophones or direct-path and surface-reflected signals received on the same hydrophone. A Bayesian state-space model is developed to track the diving behavior. The model is fit to these detection angle estimates from at least four of the drifting vertical arrays. Results show that the beaked whales were producing echolocation pulses and are presumed to be foraging at a mean depth of 967 m (standard deviation = 112 m), approximately 300 m above the bottom in this basin. Some whales spent at least some time at or near the bottom. Average swim speed was 1.2 m s−1, but swim direction varied during a dive. The average net horizontal speed was 0.6 m s−1. Results are similar to those obtained from previous tagging studies of this species. These methods may allow expansion of dive studies to other whale species that are difficult to tag.

1 aBarlow, Jay1 aGriffiths, Emily, T.1 aKlinck, Holger uhttp://asa.scitation.org/doi/10.1121/1.505521602236nas a2200253 4500008004100000245017200041210006900213260001600282300001400298490000700312520141300319653002101732653001001753653003201763653001801795653001301813100002101826700002001847700001601867700001501883700002201898700001901920856004301939 2018 eng d00aDescription and classification of Indian Ocean humpback dolphin ( Sousa plumbea ) whistles recorded off the Sindhudurg coast of Maharashtra, India0 aDescription and classification of Indian Ocean humpback dolphin  cJan-07-2018 a755 - 7760 v343 a

The Indian Ocean humpback dolphin (Sousa plumbea), a common cetacean species in India, has a diverse vocal repertoire, which to date has not been described in detail. This study focused on analyzing their whistle vocalizations. Humpback dolphins were recorded off the Sindhudurg coast of Maharashtra, India, and 2,260 whistles were analyzed for their acoustic characteristics. Whistles spanned a wide frequency range between 2.3 kHz and 33.0 kHz, with durations ranging from 0.01 s to 1.60 s. Whistles were categorized into seven contour classes based on their qualitative prop- erties. A classification and regression tree (CART) analysis was used to quantify vari- ability between the seven contour classes using the measured acoustic features. Based on the CART analysis, frequency gradient, minimum slope, maximum slope, begin- ning and ending slope accounted for most variability between whistle types. CART resulted in an overall classification accuracy of 89.5%. This study provides a detailed description of acoustic features and qualitative properties of humpback dolphin whis- tles from the northwestern coast of India. Further comparisons of acoustic data from Sousa populations along the Indian coast are necessary to determine possible geo- graphic variations in whistle characteristics and whether the variations are driven by environmental or genetic factors or a combination of both.

10ahumpback dolphin10aIndia10apassive acoustic monitoring10aSousa plumbea10awhistles1 aBopardikar, Isha1 aSutaria, Dipani1 aSule, Mihir1 aJog, Ketki1 aPatankar, Vardhan1 aKlinck, Holger uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/mms.v34.300694nas a2200193 4500008004100000245014200041210006900183260001600252300001400268490000700282100002400289700001900313700002500332700002500357700002000382700002200402700002300424856005300447 2017 eng d00aUsing calls as an indicator for Antarctic blue whale occurrence and distribution across the southwest Pacific and southeast Indian Oceans0 aUsing calls as an indicator for Antarctic blue whale occurrence  cJan-01-2017 a172 - 1860 v331 aBalcazar, Naysa, E.1 aKlinck, Holger1 aNieukirk, Sharon, L.1 aMellinger, David, K.1 aKlinck, Karolin1 aDziak, Robert, P.1 aRogers, Tracey, L. uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/mms.2017.33.issue-1