01976nas a2200193 4500008004100000245013400041210006900175300001400244490000800258520134600266653001001612653002501622653002601647653001401673653001601687100002101703700001401724856004401738 1986 eng d00aSong harmonic content as a parameter determining acoustic orientation behaviour in the cricketTeleogryllus oceanicus (Le Guillou)0 aSong harmonic content as a parameter determining acoustic orient a583–5910 v1583 a

Analyses of natural songs from the cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus confirm (after Hutchings and Lewis 1984) that the songs are rich in harmonics which extend up to around 55 kHz. A series of synthetic song models with a varying harmonic content were used to determine the relevance of these harmonics to the orientation behaviour of the insects.

In two-choice experiments in which song models were presented simultaneously, crickets showed a clear discrimination between a song with harmonics and a song without. Female insects orientated preferentially to a song with harmonics. Interestingly, males preferred a song model without harmonics in the two-choice situation.

Two experimental regimes were used to test orientation accuracy, a forced-choice (Y maze) phonotactic experiment and a study of free phonotaxis in the behavioural arena. The results of both experimental approaches confirm that crickets orientate more accurately to a song with harmonics and can discriminate smaller angles to sound sources ahead and lateral to the insect.

Presentations of song models in which the fundamental (5 kHz) was attenuated relative to the 2nd harmonic have given results that imply a process of neural integration (two-tone or side band suppression) of the fundamental and the high-frequency harmonics.

10aArena10aOrientation Accuracy10aOrientation Behaviour10aSide Band10aSmall Angle1 aLatimer, William1 aLewis, DB uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/pt-pt/node/5314802143nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001300041245007900054210006900133260001600202300001400218490000700232520164000239100002101879700001901900856006601919 1987 eng d a0003347200aAcoustic cues for female choice and male competition in Tettigonia cantans0 aAcoustic cues for female choice and male competition in Tettigon cJan-06-1987 a887 - 9000 v353 a

Song of the bush cricket Tettigonia cantans were analysed, and synthetic song models constructed, to reproduce both the natural variation in the song parameters and the modified spectral balance (high-frequency attenuation) seen after songs are transmitted through the natural habitat. In the laboratory, song models were replayed to female insects in a series of two-choice trials and the phonotactic response was used as the criterion for song preference. Controlling single variables in the models showed that females orientated preferentially to lower-pitched songs, louder songs and models with a relatively louder high-frequency content. Further trials confirmed song frequency to be an important cue and demonstrated spectral balance to be a more effective stimulus than intensity per se. Song models replayed in the field to established (‘territorial’) singing males produced different behavioural responses depending on the song frequency. To low-pitched songs, males were more likely to reduce their singing activity and move away from the sound source. High-pitched song often resulted in an increase in the singing rate and an approach to the loudspeaker. A model without the high-frequency band elicited no detectable response, the subject continuing to sing normally from the same perch. These results support the hypothesis that the spectral balance of the song can be used for range determination. The poor correlation between the measured song variables and morphology suggests that song in this species advertises the status of the male rather than other single attributes such as size or weight.

1 aLatimer, William1 aSippel, Martin uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S000334728780124001626nas a2200157 4500008004100000245008300041210006900124260001600193300001400209490000700223520111600230100002101346700002101367700002001388856006001408 1984 eng d00aSpatial Dispersion and Agonistic Contacts of Male Bush Crickets in the Biotope0 aSpatial Dispersion and Agonistic Contacts of Male Bush Crickets  cDec-01-1984 a201 - 2140 v653 a

Investigated the dispersion patterns of singing male bush crickets (Tettigonia cantans) and analyzed the behavioral patterns of established males elicited by the song of a conspecific. Results show that, apart from sites with sparse vegetation, stridulating males tend to show clumped distribution in areas with dense plant populations and that, within clumps, individuals are regularly spaced. Males seem to space themselves according to the song intensities they receive from each other. Between-close-neighbors rivalry behavior is expressed by males producing alternating songs, in an approach toward a constantly singing insect, or in an aggressive encounter. Of these 3 behavior patterns, aggressive encounters are most common in high-density populations. Rivalry does not influence the dispersion pattern of the males. A hypothesis is inferred from observations on female behavior: Rivalry itself constitutes an attractive stimulus for females. The problem still left for further research is if, and how, female bush crickets discriminate and choose their mate from a population of singing males.

1 aSchatral, Andrea1 aLatimer, William1 aBroughton, Bill uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1984.tb00099.x00386nas a2200109 4500008004100000245009000041210006900131300001200200490000700212100002100219856003600240 1981 eng d00aThe Acoustic Behaviour of Platycleis albopunctata (Goeze) (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae)0 aAcoustic Behaviour of Platycleis albopunctata Goeze Orthoptera T a182-2060 v761 aLatimer, William uhttp://jstor.org/stable/4534098