02309nas a2200217 4500008004100000022001400041245008500055210006900140260001600209300001400225490000800239520163900247653003501886653002101921653001401942653002301956653002401979100001802003700001902021856005102040 1999 eng d a0952-836900aAcoustic signals in cicada courtship behaviour (order Hemiptera, genus Tibicina)0 aAcoustic signals in cicada courtship behaviour order Hemiptera g cJan-01-1999 a217 - 2240 v2623 a

During pair formation, cicadas produce acoustic signals that allow sexual partners to meet. The male is generally the emitter, producing calling songs at long range and courtship songs at short range, and the female generally the receiver. The male–female courtship behaviour of seven taxa belonging to the Palaearctic genus Tibicina is described here for the first time. Male courtship songs consisted of a succession of groups of pulses arranged in two sub‐groups. They were short in duration with strong amplitude variations. In all taxa, courtship songs were preceded by a series of 1–5 audible wing‐flicks. Differences in courtship song structure between two pairs of sympatric species, respectively T. corsica corsica/T. nigronervosa and T. corsica fairmairei/T. tomentosa, suggest that courtship signals could act as distinctive species mating recognition systems. In response to male acoustic signalling, females of T. c. corsica, T. c. fairmairei and T. nigronervosa produced audible wing‐flicks such that both sexes established an acoustic duet ending in physical contact. In addition, males and females of T. tomentosa produced silent wing‐flicks, a previously unknown behaviour, which could facilitate pheromone diffusion. Females did not exhibit a species‐specific temporal pattern in acoustic reply to male courtship song and female wing‐flick behaviour does not seem necessary for pair formation. Nevertheless, this strategy through male and female signalling ensured a reciprocal phonotactic approach that probably enhanced the likelihood for the two sexes to meet in complex habitats.

10aaudible and silent wing-flicks10acicadas Tibicina10acourtship10amale–female duet10asound communication1 aSueur, Jerome1 aAubin, Thierry uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1017/S095283690300468001753nas a2200133 4500008004100000245011400041210006900155520126000224100001801484700001801502700002701520700001901547856005301566 2011 eng d00aSo Small, So Loud: Extremely High Sound Pressure Level from a Pygmy Aquatic Insect (Corixidae, Micronectinae)0 aSo Small So Loud Extremely High Sound Pressure Level from a Pygm3 a

To communicate at long range, animals have to produce intense but intelligible signals. This task might be difficult to achieve due to mechanical constraints, in particular relating to body size. Whilst the acoustic behaviour of large marine and terrestrial animals has been thoroughly studied, very little is known about the sound produced by small arthropods living in freshwater habitats. Here we analyse for the first time the calling song produced by the male of a small insect, the water boatman Micronecta scholtzi. The song is made of three distinct parts differing in their temporal and amplitude parameters, but not in their frequency content. Sound is produced at 78.9 (63.6–82.2) SPL rms re 2.1025 Pa with a peak at 99.2 (85.7– 104.6) SPL re 2.1025 Pa estimated at a distance of one metre. This energy output is significant considering the small size of the insect. When scaled to body length and compared to 227 other acoustic species, the acoustic energy produced by M. scholtzi appears as an extreme value, outperforming marine and terrestrial mammal vocalisations. Such an extreme display may be interpreted as an exaggerated secondary sexual trait resulting from a runaway sexual selection without predation pressure.

1 aSueur, Jerome1 aMackie, David1 aWindmill, James, F. C.1 aSoares, Daphne uhttps://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.002108901733nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001400041245008900055210006900144260001600213300001600229490000800245520119600253100001801449700002601467700001901493856005101512 2010 eng d a0001-496600aSound emission and reception tuning in three cicada species sharing the same habitat0 aSound emission and reception tuning in three cicada species shar cJan-03-2010 a1681 - 16880 v1273 a

Many animal species acoustically communicate at the same place and time generating complex acoustic environments. However, the acoustic parameter space is usually structured, with each species emitting identifiable signals. While signal partitioning has been reported, very few analyses include the mechanical spectral response of auditory organs. The loud chorus generated by . The vibration pattern of L. plebejus shows traveling waves as previously observed in Ctra. atra. The spectral properties of both calling songs and tympanal auditory systems primarily indicate that each species uses its own frequency band.y, except for C. orni, which is sensitive to the lowest frequency band of its song. In contrast, female TMs are broadly tuned to the male songs. Ctra. atra females differ by tuning to frequencies slightly higher than the male song. Hence, acoustic space partitioning occurs for both emitter and receiver, but does not seem to fully preclude interference risk as some spectral overlap exists. In addition to the local physical ecology of each species, selective attention to conspecific signals is likely to be enhanced by further mechanical and neuronal processing.

1 aSueur, Jerome1 aWindmill, James, F.C.1 aRobert, Daniel uhttp://asa.scitation.org/doi/10.1121/1.329103601888nas a2200193 4500008004100000245009700041210006900138520127800207653001701485653001101502653002901513653001201542653002001554653001301574100001801587700002601605700001901631856004401650 2006 eng d00aTuning the drum: the mechanical basis for frequency discrimination in a Mediterranean cicada0 aTuning the drum the mechanical basis for frequency discriminatio3 a

Cicadas are known to use sound to find a mate. While the mechanism employed by male cicadas to generate loud calling songs has been described in detail, little information exists to explain how their ears work. Using microscanning laser Doppler vibrometry, the tympanal vibrations in the cicada Cicadatra atra are measured in response to acoustic playbacks. The topographically accurate optical measurements reveal the vibrational behaviour of the anatomically complex tympanal membrane. Notably, the tympanal ridge, a distinct structural element of the tympanum that is a link to the receptor cells, undergoes mechanical vibrations reminiscent of a travelling wave. In effect, the frequency for which the maximum deflection amplitude is observed regularly decreases from the apex to the base of the ridge. It is also shown that whilst female ears are mechanically tuned to the male's song, the male's tympanum is only partially tuned to its own song. This study establishes the presence of a peripheral auditory mechanism that can potentially process auditory frequency analysis. In view of the importance of acoustic signalling in cicadas, this unconventional tympanal mechanism may be employed in the context of species recognition and sexual selection.

10abiomechanics10aCicada10afrequency discrimination10ahearing10atravelling wave10atympanum1 aSueur, Jerome1 aWindmill, James, F.C.1 aRobert, Daniel uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/pt-pt/node/5762200774nas a2200121 4500008004100000245004600041210004400087520039600131100001800527700002300545700001700568856006700585 2019 eng d00aClimate Change Is Breaking Earth’s Beat0 aClimate Change Is Breaking Earth s Beat3 a

Forests, deserts, rivers, and oceans are filled with animal vocalizations and geological sounds. We postu- late that climate change is changing the Earth’s natural acoustic fabric. In particular, we identify shifts in acoustic structure that all sound- sensitive organisms, marine and terrestrial, may experience. Only upstream solutions might mitigate these acoustic changes.

1 aSueur, Jerome1 aKrause, Bernie, L.1 aFarina, Almo uhttps://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S016953471930226502157nas a2200289 4500008004100000245007400041210006900115260001200184520132500196653002401521653001101545653001501556653002301571653001501594653002001609100001701629700001801646700002701664700001901691700001901710700001801729700002601747700002201773700001701795700001801812856003701830 2018 eng d00aFreshwater ecoacoustics as a tool for continuous ecosystem monitoring0 aFreshwater ecoacoustics as a tool for continuous ecosystem monit c03/20183 a

Abstract
Passive acoustic monitoring is gaining popularity in ecology as a practical and non‐invasive approach to surveying ecosystems. This technique is increasingly being used to monitor terrestrial systems, particularly bird populations, given that it can help to track temporal dynamics of populations and ecosystem health without the need for expensive resampling. We suggest that underwater acoustic monitoring presents a viable, non‐invasive, and largely unexplored approach to monitoring freshwater ecosystems, yielding information about three key ecological elements of aquatic environments – (1) fishes, (2) macroinvertebrates, and (3) physicochemical processes – as well as providing data on anthropogenic noise levels. We survey the literature on this approach, which is substantial but scattered across disciplines, and call for more cross‐disciplinary work on recording and analysis techniques. We also discuss technical issues and knowledge gaps, including background noise, spatiotemporal variation, and the need for centralized reference collection repositories. These challenges need to be overcome before the full potential of passive acoustics in dynamic detection of biophysical processes can be realized and used to inform conservation practitioners and managers.

10aanthropogenic noise10afishes10afreshwater10amacroinvertebrates10amonitoring10aphysicochemical1 aLinke, Simon1 aGifford, Toby1 aDesjonquères, Camille1 aTonolla, Diego1 aAubin, Thierry1 aBarclay, Leah1 aKaraconstantis, Chris1 aKennard, Mark, J.1 aRybak, Fanny1 aSueur, Jerome uhttps://doi.org/10.1002/fee.177903179nas a2200253 4500008004100000022001300041245011000054210006900164260001600233300001400249490000700263520236200270653002302632653002702655653002502682653003402707653001302741100002702754700001902781700001802800700002302818700001802841856006602859 2018 eng d a1470160X00aEstimating animal acoustic diversity in tropical environments using unsupervised multiresolution analysis0 aEstimating animal acoustic diversity in tropical environments us cJan-07-2018 a346 - 3550 v903 a

Ecoacoustic monitoring has proved to be a viable approach to capture ecological data related to animal communities. While experts can manually annotate audio samples, the analysis of large datasets can be significantly facilitated by automatic pattern recognition methods. Unsupervised learning methods, which do not require labelled data, are particularly well suited to analyse poorly documented habitats, such as tropical environments. Here we propose a new method, named Multiresolution Analysis of Acoustic Diversity (MAAD), to automate the detection of relevant structure in audio data. MAAD was designed to decompose the acoustic community into few elementary components (soundtypes) based on their time–frequency attributes. First, we used the short-time Fourier transform to detect regions of interest (ROIs) in the time–frequency domain. Then, we characterised these ROIs by (1) estimating the median frequency and (2) by running a 2D wavelet analysis at multiple scales and angles. Finally, we grouped the ROIs using a model-based subspace clustering technique so that ROIs were automatically annotated and clustered into soundtypes. To test the performance of the automatic method, we applied MAAD to two distinct tropical environments in French Guiana, a lowland high rainforest and a rock savanna, and we compared manual and automatic annotations using the adjusted Rand index. The similarity between the manual and automated partitions was high and consistent, indicating that the clusters found are intelligible and can be used for further analysis. Moreover, the weight of the features estimated by the clustering process revealed important information about the structure of the acoustic communities. In particular, the median frequency had the strongest effect on modelling the clusters and on classification performance, suggesting a role in community organisation. The number of clusters found in MAAD can be regarded as an estimation of the soundtype richness in a given environment. MAAD is a comprehensive and promising method to automatically analyse passive acoustic recordings. Combining MAAD and manual analysis would maximally exploit the strengths of both human reasoning and computer algorithms. Thereby, the composition of the acoustic community could be estimated accurately, quickly and at large scale.

10aAcoustic community10aEcoacoustic monitoring10aNocturnal soundscape10aUnsupervised machine learning10aWavelets1 aUlloa, Juan, Sebastian1 aAubin, Thierry1 aLlusia, Diego1 aBouveyron, Charles1 aSueur, Jerome uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1470160X1830181X02543nas a2200217 4500008004100000022001400041245008100055210006900136260000900205300001000214490000600224520190300230100002702133700001702160700002302177700001902200700002202219700002202241700001802263856004402281 2015 eng d a2167-835900aFirst description of underwater acoustic diversity in three temperate ponds.0 aFirst description of underwater acoustic diversity in three temp c2015 ae13930 v33 a

The past decade has produced an increased ecological interest in sonic environments, or soundscapes. However, despite this rise in interest and technological improvements that allow for long-term acoustic surveys in various environments, some habitats' soundscapes remain to be explored. Ponds, and more generally freshwater habitats, are one of these acoustically unexplored environments. Here we undertook the first long term acoustic monitoring of three temperate ponds in France. By aural and visual inspection of a selection of recordings, we identified 48 different sound types, and according to the rarefaction curves we calculated, more sound types are likely present in one of the three ponds. The richness of sound types varied significantly across ponds. Surprisingly, there was no pond-to-pond daily consistency of sound type richness variation; each pond had its own daily patterns of activity. We also explored the possibility of using six acoustic diversity indices to conduct rapid biodiversity assessments in temperate ponds. We found that all indices were sensitive to the background noise as estimated through correlations with the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). However, we determined that the AR index could be a good candidate to measure acoustic diversities using partial correlations with the SNR as a control variable. Yet, research is still required to automatically compute the SNR in order to apply this index on a large data set of recordings. The results showed that these three temperate ponds host a high level of acoustic diversity in which the soundscapes were variable not only between but also within the ponds. The sources producing this diversity of sounds and the drivers of difference in daily song type richness variation both require further investigation. Such research would yield insights into the biodiversity and ecology of temperate ponds.

1 aDesjonquères, Camille1 aRybak, Fanny1 aDepraetere, Marion1 aGasc, Amandine1 aLe Viol, Isabelle1 aPavoine, Sandrine1 aSueur, Jerome uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/pt-pt/node/5259302020nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001400041245007800055210006900133260001600202300001400218490000700232520133100239653002701570653001401597653001401611653002601625653002601651653002101677100001801698700001901716856005501735 2006 eng d a0028-104200aWhen males whistle at females: complex FM acoustic signals in cockroaches0 aWhen males whistle at females complex FM acoustic signals in coc cJan-10-2006 a500 - 5050 v933 a

Male cockroaches of the species Elliptorhina chopardi expel air through a pair of modified abdominal spiracles during courtship. This air expulsion simultaneously produces air and substrate-borne vibrations. We described and compared in details these two types of vibrations. Our analysis of the air-borne signals shows that males can produce three categories of signals with distinct temporal and frequency parameters. “Pure whistles” consist of two independent harmonic series fast frequency modulated with independent harmonics that can cross each other. “Noisy whistles” also possess two independent voices but include a noisy broad-band frequency part in the middle. Hiss sounds are more noise-like, being made of a broad-band frequency spectrum. All three call types are unusually high in dominant frequency (>5 kHz) for cockroaches. The substrate-borne signals are categorised similarly. Some harmonics of the substrate-borne signals were filtered out, however, making the acoustic energy centered on fewer frequency bands. Our analysis shows that cockroach signals are complex, with fast frequency modulations and two distinct voices. These results also readdress the question of what system could potentially receive and decode the information contained within such complex sounds.

10aacoustic communication10aCockroach10acourtship10aElliptorhina chopardi10afrequency modulations10atwo-voice system1 aSueur, Jerome1 aAubin, Thierry uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00114-006-0135-901245nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001400041245006600055210006500121260001600186300001400202490000700216520072400223100001800947700001900965700002200984856006901006 2008 eng d a0952-462200aSeewave, a free modular tool for sound analysis and synthesis0 aSeewave a free modular tool for sound analysis and synthesis cJan-01-2008 a213 - 2260 v183 a

We review Seewave, new software for analysing and synthesizing sounds. Seewave is free and works on a wide variety of operating systems as an extension of the R operating environment. Its current 67 functions allow the user to achieve time, amplitude and frequency analyses, to estimate quantitative differences between sounds, and to generate new sounds for playback experiments. Thanks to its implementation in the R environment, Seewave is fully modular. All functions can be combined for complex data acquisition and graphical output, they can be part of important scripts for batch processing and they can be modified ad libitum. New functions can also be written, making Seewave a truly open-source tool.

1 aSueur, Jerome1 aAubin, Thierry1 aSimonis, Caroline uhttp://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09524622.2008.9753600