02311nas a2200145 4500008004100000245013800041210006900179520178000248653001902028653001202047653001102059100002202070700002502092856004802117 1990 eng d00aPeripheral auditory processing in the bobtail lizard Tiliqua rugosa III. Patterns of spontaneous and tone-evoked nerve-fibre activity0 aPeripheral auditory processing in the bobtail lizard Tiliqua rug3 a

1. 70% of primary afferent fibres in the bobtail lizard were irregularly spontaneously active, with rates between 0.1 and 123.7 spikes/s (mean of 31.2 spikes/s). The rate distribution is bimodal. Mid-frequency fibres with lower thresholds tend to have higher spontaneous rates.

2. About one third of all fibres show a more prominent mode in their inter-spike interval histogram than is to be expected from a quasi-Poisson distribution. Preferred intervals in the spontaneous discharge patterns were not normally seen; this is presumably due to the lack of exclusive innervation of hair cells.

3. Primary fibres mostly responded to sound with a discharge rate increase. The form of the peri-stimulustime histogram varies between fibres; three different response types are described. Fibres of low characteristic frequency (CF up to 0.65 kHz) show a characteristic change in their response pattern with stimulation frequency; it is suggested that primary suppression plays an important role in shaping the very phasic response to tones at the fibres' upper frequency range. The responses of higher-CF fibres (CF 0.55–4 kHz) are independent of stimulation frequency. About one third of them shows a primary-like discharge pattern. The majority, however, responds with a chopper-like discharge pattern and there is evidence that this discharge, as in mammalian cochlear-nucleus stellate cells, originates from temporal summation.

4. The systematically-varying response pattern typical for low-CF fibres introduces special difficulties in defining the extent of the excitatory tuning curve and of the two-tone rate suppression area. The influence of threshold criteria on the overlap seen between both curves is discussed.

10aAuditory nerve10ahearing10aLizard1 aKöppl, Christine1 aManley, Geoffrey, A. uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF0019241101256nas a2200169 4500008004100000245009100041210006900132520070500201653001600906653001200922653003300934100001800967700001800985700001801003700001701021856004801038 1994 eng d00aA new biophysical method to determine the gain of the acoustic trachea in bushcrickets0 anew biophysical method to determine the gain of the acoustic tra3 a

A method is described for measuring the gain (i.e., the change of amplitude and phase angle) for sounds that propagate to the internal surface of the tympana in ears working as pressure difference receivers. The gain of the acoustic trachea has been measured in two similarly sized and closely related species of bushcrickets, in which the acoustic spiracles and tracheae differ markedly in size. The amplitude part of the gain is much larger in the species with the larger acoustic spiracle, whereas the phase part is very similar in the two species. The method is compared with other methods, which in the past have been used for estimating the gain of sound pathways inside animal bodies.

10abushcricket10ahearing10aPressure difference receiver1 aMichelsen, A.1 aRohrseitz, K.1 aHeller, K.-G.1 aStumpner, A. uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF0021511002554nas a2200193 4500008004100000245007500041210006900116520185900185653001702044653004502061653001202106653002902118653001102147653001302158100001702171700002602188700002602214856012002240 2011 eng d00aNo evidence for DPOAEs in the mechanical motion of the locust tympanum0 aNo evidence for DPOAEs in the mechanical motion of the locust ty3 a

Distortion-product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) are present in non-linear hearing organs, and for low-intensity sounds are a by-product of active processes. In vertebrate ears they are considered to be due to hair cell amplification of sound in the cochlea; however, certain animals lacking a cochlea and hair cells are also reported to be capable of DPOAEs. In the Insecta, DPOAEs have been recorded from the locust auditory organ. However, the site of generation of these DPOAEs and the physiological mechanisms causing their presence in the locust ear are not yet understood, despite there being a number of potential places in the tympanal organ that could be capable of generating DPOAEs. This study aimed to record locust tympanal membrane vibration using a laser Doppler vibrometer in order to identify a distinct place of DPOAE generation on the membrane. Two species of locust were investigated over a range of frequencies and levels of acoustic stimulus, mirroring earlier acoustic recording studies; however, the current experiments were carried out in an open acoustic system. The laser measurements did not find any evidence of mechanical motion on the tympanal membrane related to the expected DPOAE frequencies. The results of the current study therefore could not confirm the presence of DPOAEs in the locust ear through the mechanics of the tympanal membrane. Experiments were also carried out to test how membrane behaviour altered when the animals were in a state of hypoxia, as this was previously found to decrease DPOAE magnitude, suggesting a metabolic sensitivity. However, hypoxia did not have any significant effect on the membrane mechanics. The location of the mechanical generation of DPOAEs in the locust’s ear, and
therefore the basis for the related physiological mechanisms, thus remains unknown.

10abioacoustics10adistortion-product otoacoustic emissions10ahearing10alaser Doppler vibrometry10alocust10atympanum1 aMoir, H., M.1 aJackson, Joseph, Curt1 aWindmill, James, F.C. uhttp://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.056465https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1242/jeb.05646502319nas a2200181 4500008004100000245008700041210006900128520167300197653002101870653001201891653001601903653001801919100001501937700002101952700001901973700002501992856012002017 2011 eng d00aMatching sender and receiver: poikilothermy and frequency tuning in a tree cricket0 aMatching sender and receiver poikilothermy and frequency tuning 3 a

Animals communicate in non-ideal and noisy conditions. The primary method they use to improve communication efficiency is sender-receiver matching: the receiver's sensory mechanism filters the impinging signal based on the expected signal. In the context of acoustic communication in crickets, such a match is made in the frequency domain. The males broadcast a mate attraction signal, the calling song, in a narrow frequency band centred on the carrier frequency (CF), and the females are most sensitive to sound close to this frequency. In tree crickets, however, the CF changes with temperature. The mechanisms used by female tree crickets to accommodate this change in CF were investigated at the behavioural and biomechanical level. At the behavioural level, female tree crickets were broadly tuned and responded equally to CFs produced within the naturally occurring range of temperatures (18 to 27°C). To allow such a broad response, however, the transduction mechanisms that convert sound into mechanical and then neural signals must also have a broad response. The tympana of the female tree crickets exhibited a frequency response that was even broader than suggested by the behaviour. Their tympana vibrate with equal amplitude to frequencies spanning nearly an order of magnitude. Such a flat frequency response is unusual in biological systems and cannot be modelled as a simple mechanical system. This feature of the tree cricket auditory system not only has interesting implications for mate choice and species isolation but may also prove exciting for bio-mimetic applications such as the design of miniature low frequency microphones.

10afrequency tuning10ahearing10aOecanthinae10atree crickets1 aMhatre, N.1 aBhattacharya, M.1 aRobert, Daniel1 aBalakrishnan, Rohini uhttp://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.057612https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1242/jeb.05761201942nas a2200205 4500008004100000245008000041210006900121520124300190653001701433653001201450653002901462653002101491653001401512653002101526653001301547100001401560700002701574700001501601856012001616 2008 eng d00aSexual dimorphism in auditory mechanics: tympanal vibrations of Cicada orni0 aSexual dimorphism in auditory mechanics tympanal vibrations of C3 a

In cicadas, the tympanum is anatomically intricate and employs complex vibrations as a mechanism for auditory frequency analysis. Using microscanning laser Doppler vibrometry, the tympanal mechanics of Cicada orni can be characterized in controlled acoustical conditions. The tympanum of C. orni moves following a simple drum-like motion, rather than the travelling wave found in a previous study of Cicadatra atra. There is a clear sexual dimorphism in the tympanal mechanics. The large male tympanum is unexpectedly insensitive to the dominant frequency of its own calling song, possibly a reflection of its dual purpose as a sound emitter and receiver. The small female tympanum appears to be mechanically sensitive to the dominant frequency of the male calling song and to high-frequency sound, a capacity never suspected before in these insects. This sexual dimorphism probably results from a set of selective pressures acting in divergent directions, which are linked to the different role of the sexes in sound reception and production. These discoveries serve to indicate that there is far more to be learnt about the development of the cicada ear, its biomechanics and evolution, and the cicada's acoustic behaviour.

10abiomechanics10ahearing10ahigh-frequency reception10alaser vibrometry10apredation10aselective forces10atympanum1 aSueur, J.1 aWindmill, James, F. C.1 aRobert, D. uhttp://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.018804https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1242/jeb.01880401976nas a2200169 4500008004100000245013200041210006900173520137300242653002701615653001201642653002101654653002001675653001501695100002101710700002001731856005501751 2007 eng d00aListening for males and bats: spectral processing in the hearing organ of Neoconocephalus bivocatus (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)0 aListening for males and bats spectral processing in the hearing 3 a

Tettigoniids use hearing for mate finding and the avoidance of predators (mainly bats). Using intracellular recordings, we studied the response properties of auditory receptor cells of Neoconocephalus bivocatus to different sound frequencies, with a special focus on the frequency ranges representative of male calls and bat cries. We found several response properties that may represent adaptations for hearing in both contexts. Receptor cells with characteristic frequencies close to the dominant frequency of the communication signal were more broadly tuned, thus extending their range of high sensitivity. This increases the number of cells responding to the dominant frequency of the male call at low signal amplitudes, which should improve long distance call localization. Many cells tuned to audio frequencies had intermediate thresholds for ultrasound. As a consequence, a large number of receptors should be recruited at intermediate amplitudes of bat cries. This collective response of many receptors may function to emphasize predator information in the sensory system, and correlates with the amplitude range at which ultrasound elicits evasive behavior in tettigoniids. We compare our results with spectral processing in crickets, and discuss that both groups evolved different adaptations for the perceptual tasks of mate and predator detection.

10aacoustic communication10ahearing10aPredator evasion10aReceptor tuning10aultrasound1 aHöbel, Gerlinde1 aSchul, Johannes uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00359-007-0245-701726nas a2200193 4500008004100000245008300041210006900124520106900193653001201262653001701274653001101291653002901302653001201331653001301343100002701356700001401383700001501397856012001412 2009 eng d00aThe next step in cicada audition: measuring pico-mechanics in the cicada's ear0 anext step in cicada audition measuring picomechanics in the cica3 a

Female cicadas use sound when they select a mate from a chorus of singing males. The cicada has a tympanal ear; and the tympanal membrane, and constituent tympanal ridge, act as both acousto-mechanical transducers and frequency filters. The tympanal ridge is physically connected to a large number of mechanoreceptor neurons via a cuticular extension known as the tympanal apodeme. Using microscanning laser Doppler vibrometry, we measured for the first time the in vivo vibrations of the apodeme of female Cicadatra atra in response to the motion of the tympanum driven by sound. These measurements reveal that the nanoscale motion of the tympanal membrane is over a magnitude greater than that of the apodeme. Furthermore, the apodeme acts as an additional mechanical frequency filter, enhancing that of the tympanal ridge, narrowing the frequency band of vibration at the mechanoreceptor neurons to that of the male calling song. This study enhances our understanding of the mechanical link between the external ear of the cicada and its sensory cells.

10aapodeme10abiomechanics10aCicada10afrequency discrimination10ahearing10atympanum1 aWindmill, James, F. C.1 aSueur, J.1 aRobert, D. uhttp://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.033019https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1242/jeb.03301901888nas a2200193 4500008004100000245009700041210006900138520127800207653001701485653001101502653002901513653001201542653002001554653001301574100001801587700002601605700001901631856004401650 2006 eng d00aTuning the drum: the mechanical basis for frequency discrimination in a Mediterranean cicada0 aTuning the drum the mechanical basis for frequency discriminatio3 a

Cicadas are known to use sound to find a mate. While the mechanism employed by male cicadas to generate loud calling songs has been described in detail, little information exists to explain how their ears work. Using microscanning laser Doppler vibrometry, the tympanal vibrations in the cicada Cicadatra atra are measured in response to acoustic playbacks. The topographically accurate optical measurements reveal the vibrational behaviour of the anatomically complex tympanal membrane. Notably, the tympanal ridge, a distinct structural element of the tympanum that is a link to the receptor cells, undergoes mechanical vibrations reminiscent of a travelling wave. In effect, the frequency for which the maximum deflection amplitude is observed regularly decreases from the apex to the base of the ridge. It is also shown that whilst female ears are mechanically tuned to the male's song, the male's tympanum is only partially tuned to its own song. This study establishes the presence of a peripheral auditory mechanism that can potentially process auditory frequency analysis. In view of the importance of acoustic signalling in cicadas, this unconventional tympanal mechanism may be employed in the context of species recognition and sexual selection.

10abiomechanics10aCicada10afrequency discrimination10ahearing10atravelling wave10atympanum1 aSueur, Jerome1 aWindmill, James, F.C.1 aRobert, Daniel uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/pt-pt/node/5762202066nas a2200193 4500008004100000245006900041210006800110520147000178653001401648653001201662653001301674653001201687653004601699100002601745700002201771700001701793700001801810856004401828 2019 eng d00aWhy did solid otoliths evolve in the ears of modern bony fishes?0 aWhy did solid otoliths evolve in the ears of modern bony fishes3 a

Modern bony fishes (Teleostei), which comprise almost one-half of all extant vertebrate species, show a remarkable diversity in ear morphology, including otolith shape. Fish bioacousticians are still puzzling over the question of why solid calcareous otoliths with species-specific shapes evolved, whereas most “non-teleost” vertebrates possess numerous tiny otoconia. This question is linked to when and how often a switch from loosely aggregated material towards a solid structure—and from apatite to calcium carbonate—occurred during the vertebrate radiation and whether those character shifts are related to altered hearing. In a recent study, we constructed a hypothetical framework for otolith evolution by compiling the available information on the structure of otoliths and otoconia in > 160 species covering all major vertebrate groups. We concluded that solid teleost otoliths may have initially evolved as a selectively neutral by-product of other key innovations, and that the teleost-specific genome duplication event may have facilitated their subsequent diversification. Differences in otolith mass and shape might have enabled the perception of different ranges of acoustic information and may have evolved during the diversification of auditory abilities. In some teleost groups, otolith morphology may have co-evolved with ancillary hearing structures, especially if ears are closely connected to a gas bladder.

10aaragonite10ahearing10aotoconia10aotolith10ateleost-specific genome duplication event1 aSchulz-Mirbach, Tanja1 aLadich, Friedrich1 aHeß, Martin1 aPlath, Martin uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/pt-pt/node/5742602137nas a2200145 4500008004100000245008000041210006900121520158100190653001201771653002001783653000901803100002401812700002201836856013301858 2019 eng d00aPerception of Ultrasonic Vocalizations by Socially Housed and Isolated Mice0 aPerception of Ultrasonic Vocalizations by Socially Housed and Is3 a

It is currently unclear whether mice use their ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) for communication purposes. It is also unknown if mice require previous experience with USVs to understand conspecifics. There is some evidence that experience changes the perception of juvenile USVs; however, it is unclear whether similar plasticity also occurs for adult USVs. To examine whether social exposure or deprivation throughout development leads to changes in USV perception, eleven female CBA/CaJ mice were trained to discriminate between 18 USVs of three different categories using operant conditioning procedures. Mice were group housed with four females or housed individually from weaning for the duration of the experiment. Socially housed and isolated mice differed in initial training times on pure tones, suggesting isolated mice had a more difficult time learning the task. Both groups completed USV discrimination conditions quicker at the end of the testing phases relative to the beginning. The overall discrimination of USVs did not differ between the two housing conditions, but a multidimensional scaling analysis revealed that socially experienced and isolated mice perceive some USVs differently, illustrated by differences in locations of USVs on the scaling maps from the two groups. Finally, a negative correlation was found between spectrotemporal similarity and percent discrimination, and analyses support the idea that mice may show categorical perception of at least two of the three USV categories. Thus, experience with USVs changes USV perception.

10ahearing10apsychoacoustics10aUSVs1 aScreven, Laurel, A.1 aDent, Micheal, L. uhttp://eneuro.org/lookup/doi/10.1523/ENEURO.0049-19.2019https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1523/ENEURO.0049-19.201902124nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001400041245009000055210006900145260001600214300001400230490000700244520149600251653002301747653001201770653001301782653002101795653002401816100002101840856005701861 2003 eng d a0033-577000aSnake Bioacoustics: Toward a Richer Understanding of the Behavioral Ecology of Snakes0 aSnake Bioacoustics Toward a Richer Understanding of the Behavior cJan-09-2003 a303 - 3250 v783 a

Snakes are frequently described in both popular and technical literature as either deaf or able to perceive only groundborne vibrations. Physiological studies have shown that snakes are actually most sensitive to airborne vibrations. Snakes are able to detect both airborne and groundborne vibrations using their body surface (termed somatic hearing) as well as from their inner ears. The central auditory pathways for these two modes of “hearing” remain unknown. Recent experimental evidence has shown that snakes can respond behaviorally to both airborne and groundborne vibrations. The ability of snakes to contextualize the sounds and respond with consistent predatory or defensive behaviors suggests that auditory stimuli may play a larger role in the behavioral ecology of snakes than was previously realized. Snakes produce sounds in a variety of ways, and there appear to be multiple acoustic Batesian mimicry complexes among snakes. Analyses of the proclivity for sound production and the acoustics of the sounds produced within a habitat or phylogeny specific context may provide insights into the behavioral ecology of snakes. The relatively low information content in the sounds produced by snakes suggests that these sounds are not suitable for intraspecific communication. Nevertheless, given the diversity of habitats in which snakes are found, and their dual auditory pathways, some form of intraspecific acoustic communication may exist in some species.

10adefensive behavior10ahearing10areptiles10asound production10avibration detection1 aYoung, Bruce, A. uhttps://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/37705201061nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001400041245010200055210006900157260002000226300001600246490000700262520034200269653001200611653001400623653002100637653001700658653001800675100002600693856013600719 2017 eng d a0022-293300aDo small ermine moths sing? Possible stridulatory sound production in Yponomeutidae (Lepidoptera)0 aDo small ermine moths sing Possible stridulatory sound productio cFeb-26-20172086 a1229 - 12360 v513 a

In the hind wings of Yponomeuta and related genera there are transparent patches without scales; within these are arrays of ridges and it is suggested these may be used to produce sounds, with the adjacent membrane acting as a resonator. Avenues for further research are explored, together with potential taxonomic implications.

10ahearing10ahind wing10asound production10astridulation10aYponomeutidae1 aAgassiz, David, J. L. uhttps://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00222933.2017.1324063https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00222933.2017.132406302287nas a2200181 4500008004100000245008000041210006900121260001600190520171800206653002201924653001201946653001701958653001701975100002801992700002002020700002202040856004302062 2018 eng d00aAuditory DUM neurons in a bush-cricket: A filter bank for carrier frequency0 aAuditory DUM neurons in a bushcricket A filter bank for carrier  cJun-01-20203 a

In bush-crickets the first stage of central auditory processing occurs in the prothoracic ganglion. About 15 to 50 different auditory dorsal unpaired median neurons (DUM neurons) exist but they have not been studied in any detail. These DUM-neurons may be classified into seven different morphological types, although, there is only limited correlation between morphology and physiological responses. 97% of the stained neurons were local, 3% were intersegmental. About 90% project nearly exclusively into the auditory neuropile, and 45% into restricted areas therein. Lateral extensions overlap with the axons of primary auditory sensory neurons close to their branching point. DUM neurons are typically tuned to frequencies covering the range between 2 and 50 kHz and thereby may establish a filter bank for carrier frequency. Less than 10% of DUM-neurons have their branches in adjacent and more posterior regions of the auditory neuropile and are mostly tuned to low frequencies, less sensitive than the other types and respond to vibration. 35% of DUM show indications of inhibition, either through reduced responses at higher intensities, or by hyperpolarizing responses to sound. Most DUM-neurons produce phasic spike responses preferably at higher intensities. Spikes may be elicited by intracellular current injection. Preliminary data suggest that auditory DUM-neurons have GABA as transmitter and therefore may inhibit other auditory interneurons. From all known local auditory neurons, only DUM neurons have frequency specific responses which appear suited for local processing relevant for acoustic communication in bush crickets. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

10acarrier frequency10ahearing10aInvertebrate10alocal neuron1 aLefebvre, Paule, Chloé1 aSeifert, Marvin1 aStumpner, Andreas uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/cne.2439902540nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001400041245010300055210006900158260001600227300001600243490000800259520175600267653001302023653002302036653001302059653001202072653001902084653002002103100002102123700001402144700002002158856012002178 2008 eng d a0022-094900aCues for acoustic detection of prey: insect rustling sounds and the influence of walking substrate0 aCues for acoustic detection of prey insect rustling sounds and t cJan-09-2008 a2799 - 28060 v2113 a

When insects walk, they generally produce sounds. These can reveal the walkers' presence and location to potential predators such as owls, bats and nocturnal primates. Additionally, predators might extract information on taxon, palatability, size or profitability from the rustling sounds. In contrast to ear morphology, hearing physiology and psychoacoustics of acoustically oriented predators, little attention has hitherto been paid to the acoustic structure and information content of prey sounds. An important element in the ecology of acoustic prey detection remained virtually unexplored: the influence of the substrate type on rustling sounds. In this study, we analysed amplitude and frequency parameters from insects walking on various natural substrates, in both Germany (Carabus beetles) and Madagascar (various beetles and cockroaches). The data show that rustling sound amplitude and frequency content depend on substrate type. On moist substrates arthropods produced less intense and less broadband rustling sounds than on dry substrates. Sound pressure level was reduced by about 6 dB, halving the detection range for the predator. For a given insect, rustling sound amplitude increased with walking speed. Finally, we found that the previously established correlation of arthropod size and rustling amplitude holds across multiple substrates. Based on these data, we provide for the first time estimates of realistic detection distances in the field. These distances range from below 1 m to over 13 m, depending on the substrate, insect mass, walking speed and background noise level. These estimates are crucial for an understanding of the foraging ecology, foraging efficiency and sensory ecology of acoustic predators.

10aauditory10adetection distance10aforaging10ahearing10aprey detection10asensory ecology1 aGoerlitz, H., R.1 aGreif, S.1 aSiemers, B., M. uhttp://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.019596https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1242/jeb.01959602214nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001400041245008800055210006900143260001600212300001600228490000800244520146400252653002101716653001801737653001201755653002501767653001901792100002101811700001501832700001701847856012001864 2008 eng d a0022-094900aComparing passive and active hearing: spectral analysis of transient sounds in bats0 aComparing passive and active hearing spectral analysis of transi cMar-06-2009 a1850 - 18580 v2113 a

n vision, colour constancy allows the evaluation of the colour of objects independent of the spectral composition of a light source. In the auditory system, comparable mechanisms have been described that allows the evaluation of the spectral shape of sounds independent of the spectral composition of ambient background sounds. For echolocating bats, the evaluation of spectral shape is vitally important both for the analysis of external sounds and the analysis of the echoes of self-generated sonar emissions. Here, we investigated how the echolocating bat Phyllostomus discolor evaluates the spectral shape of transient sounds both in passive hearing and in echolocation as a specialized mode of active hearing. Bats were trained to classify transients of different spectral shape as low- or highpass. We then assessed how the spectral shape of an ambient background noise influenced the spontaneous classification of the transients. In the passive-hearing condition, the bats spontaneously changed their classification boundary depending on the spectral shape of the background. In the echo-acoustic condition, the classification boundary did not change although the background- and spectral-shape manipulations were identical in the two conditions. These data show that auditory processing differs between passive and active hearing: echolocation represents an independent mode of active hearing with its own rules of auditory spectral analysis.

10abackground noise10acall analysis10ahearing10aperceptual constancy10aspectral shape1 aGoerlitz, H., R.1 aHubner, M.1 aWiegrebe, L. uhttp://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.017715https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1242/jeb.01771501980nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001400041245005600055210005300111260001600164300001400180490000800194520140300202653002401605653001201629653002701641653001201668653001701680100002201697856005501719 2004 eng d a0340-759400aLong-distance, low-frequency elephant communication0 aLongdistance lowfrequency elephant communication cJan-10-2004 a791 - 8050 v1903 a

The production, transmission, and reception of and the behavioral response to long-distance, low-frequency sound by elephants is reviewed. The structure of low-frequency calls generated by elephants is separated into the “source” and the “filter” roles played by the lungs, larynx and vocal track, the composition of the expired air and the ambient air temperature. Implications regarding the size, age, sex, sexual and physical status follow from the call structure and detection. Reception of the signal is discussed in terms of the characteristics of the elephant’s ear with particular attention to the determination of the threshold of hearing and the ability to locate the source of low-frequency sounds. Factors which influence the transmission of near infrasound are related to atmospheric structure. The critical role played by the thermal stratification and vertical gradient and magnitude of the wind in determining both the range and the detection of a signal are discussed for open and closed elephant habitats. Infrasound plays a pervasive role in reproduction, resource utilization, avoidance of predation and other social interactions. Current and future technology can be expected to contribute to the detection and interpretation of elephant communication. This will aid in the understanding of behavior and in efforts to sustain the species.

10abehavioral response10acalling10aElephant communication10ahearing10atransmission1 aGarstang, Michael uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00359-004-0553-002514nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001400041245011400055210006900169260001600238300001400254490000700268520185700275653001202132653001702144653002102161653002202182100002202204700002702226856005502253 2009 eng d a0028-104200aThe evolutionary origin of auditory receptors in Tettigonioidea: the complex tibial organ of Schizodactylidae0 aevolutionary origin of auditory receptors in Tettigonioidea the  cJan-01-2009 a143 - 1460 v963 a

Audition in insects is of polyphyletic origin. Tympanal ears derived from proprioceptive or vibratory receptor organs, but many questions of the evolution of insect auditory systems are still open. Despite the rather typical bauplan of the insect body, e.g., with a fixed number of segments, tympanal ears evolved at very different places, but only ensiferans have ears at the foreleg tibia, located in the tibial organ. The homology and monophyly of ensiferan ears is controversial, and no precursor organ was unambig- uously identified for auditory receptors. The latter can only be identified by comparative study of recent atympanate taxa. These atympanate taxa are poorly investigated. In this paper, we report the neuroanatomy of the tibial organ of Comicus calcaris (Irish 1986 ), an atympanate Schizodactylid (splay-footed cricket). This representative of a Gondwana relict group has a tripartite sensory organ, homologous to tettigoniid ears. A comparison with morphology-based cladistic phylogeny indicates that the tripartite neuronal organization present in the m ajority of Tettigonioidea presumably preceded evolution of a hearing sense in the Tettigonioidea. Furthermore, the absence of a tripartite organ in Grylloidea argues against a monophyletic origin and homology of the cricket and katydid ears. The tracheal attachment of sensory neurons typical for ears of Tettigo- nioidea is present in C. calcaris and may have facilitated cooption for auditory function. The functional auditory organ was presumably formed in evolution by successive non-neural modifications of trachea and tympana. This first investigation of the neuroanatomy of Schizodactylidae suggests a non-auditory chordotonal organ as the precursor for auditory receptors of related tympanate taxa and adds evidence for the phylogenetic position of the group.

10ahearing10aneuroanatomy10aSchizodactylidae10asensory evolution1 aStrauß, Johannes1 aLakes-Harlan, Reinhard uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00114-008-0450-402476nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001400041245019100055210006900246260000900315300001100324490000800335520170100343653001202044653002202056653002402078653001102102653001202113653000902125653002102134653001502155100002002170856004402190 1981 eng d a0302-766X00aStructure of the auditory system of the weta Hemideina crassidens (Blanchard, 1851). (Orthoptera, Ensifera, Gryllacridoidea, Stenopelmatidae). 2. Ultrastructure of the auditory sensilla.0 aStructure of the auditory system of the weta Hemideina crassiden c1981 a345-590 v2173 a

This study of the ultrastructure of the auditory sensilla of the New Zealand weta, Hemideina crassidens, is the first such study on a member of the orthopteran Superfamily Gryllacridoidea. Ultrastructure of the auditory sensilla is similar in all of the tibial mechanosensory organs, here called subgenual organ, intermediate organ and crista acoustica by analogy with comparable structures in Tettigoniidae. Distal to each sensory soma is a dendrite containing multiple ciliary rootlets that fuse into a single ciliary root. This splits into nine root processes that pass around the outside of the proximal basal body and then rejoin at the level of the distal basal body, distal to which the dendrite has a modified ciliary structure with a circlet of nine peripheral paired tubes and rods as it passes through the proximal extracellular space. It is then enclosed by a zone of scolopale cell cytoplasm before expanding into a dilatation within the distal extracellular space. In some sensilla this space is partially occluded by electron dense material which is part of the scolopale cell. Distal to the dilatation the cilium shrinks and ends surrounded by the scolopale cap. Accessory cells consist of glia enwrapping the sensory neuron in the region of its soma, the scolopale cell surrouinding the ciliary portion of the dendrite, and the attachment cell surrounding the scolopale cell and scolopale cap and connected to them by desmosomes. The attachment cells are filled with microtubules in differing densities and orientations. Lamellae are present in the acellular matrix surrounding the attachment cells. Banded fibres, presumably of collagen, are also present in the matrix.

10aAnimals10aAuditory Pathways10aelectron microscopy10afemale10ahearing10amale10amechanoreceptors10aOrthoptera1 aBall, Eldon, E. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/pt-pt/node/1722702435nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001400041245018200055210006900237260000900306300001100315490000800326520166800334653001202002653001102014653001202025653000902037653001502046653002402061653002802085100002002113700001602133856004402149 1981 eng d a0302-766X00aStructure of the auditory system of the weta Hemideina crassidens (blanchard, 1851) (Orthoptera, Ensifera, Gryllacridoidea, Stenopelmatidae). 1. Morphology and histology.0 aStructure of the auditory system of the weta iHemideina crasside c1981 a321-430 v2173 a

The morphology and histology of the tibial auditory system of the New Zealand weta, Hemideina crassidens, are described. The groups of acoustic sensilla conform closely to the subgenual organ, intermediate organ and crista acoustica of the Tettigoniidae. Each prothoracic tibia bears two thick (40-100 micrometers) tympana of approximately equal size divided into two distinct zones. The tracheae of the prothoracic legs are connected across the midline by a transverse commissure and by a chiasma between the ventral longitudinal trunks. No expanded vesicle ("vesicula acoustica") is associated with the spiracle. The anterior and posterior tracheae are divided into three distinct regions within the tibia: (1) a bulbous proximal posterior inflated chamber, (2) the tympanal vesicles to which the tympana attach, and (3) an elongate distal posterior inflated chamber. The pattern of innervation in the tympanal region is similar to that of gryllids as is the central projection of the tympanal nerve. The subgenual organ, which contains ca. 50 sensilla, forms an acute angle with the wall of the leg. The intermediate organ contains ca. 19 sensilla forming an arc against the anterior wall of the leg. The crista acoustica contains ca. 50 sensilla aligned in a gelatinous matrix along the dorsal surface of the anterior tympanal vesicle. Each dendrite projects distally, then is reflected proximally and dorsally to end in a scolopale embedded in an attachment cell. The attachment cells are stellate in the proximal portion of the crista, but distally they occur as parallel lamellae. The weta ear is compared with those of other Orthoptera.

10aAnimals10afemale10ahearing10amale10aOrthoptera10aspecies specificity10avestibulocochlear nerve1 aBall, Eldon, E.1 aField, L, H uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/pt-pt/node/17226