@article {58420,
	title = {It Is Not Just a Matter of Noise: Sciaena umbra Vocalizes More in the Busiest Areas of the Venice Tidal Inlets},
	year = {2021},
	abstract = {<p>Boat noise is known to have a detrimental effect on a vulnerable Mediterranean sciaenid, the brown meagre Sciaena umbra. During summer 2019, two acoustic surveys were conducted at 40 listening points distributed within the inlet areas of Venice (northern Adriatic Sea). Two five- minute recordings were collected per each point during both the boat traffic hours and the peak of the species\&rsquo; vocal activity with the aims of (1) characterizing the local noise levels and (2) evaluating the fish spatial distribution by means of its sounds. High underwater broadband noise levels were found (sound pressure levels (SPLs)50\&ndash;20kHz 107\&ndash;137 dB re 1 \&mu;Pa). Interestingly, a significantly higher background noise within the species\&rsquo; hearing sensibility (100\&ndash;3150 Hz) was highlighted in the afternoon (113 \&plusmn; 5 dB re 1 \&mu;Pa) compared to the night (103 \&plusmn; 7 dB re 1 \&mu;Pa) recordings due to a high vessel traffic. A cluster analysis based on Sciaena umbra vocalizations separated the listening points in three groups: highly vocal groups experienced higher vessel presence and higher afternoon noise levels compared to the lower ones. Since the species\&rsquo; sounds are a proxy of spawning events, this suggests that the reproductive activity was placed in the noisier part of the inlets.</p>
},
	keywords = {anthropogenic noise passive acoustic monitoring, coastal areas, fish, protected species, reproduction},
	doi = {10.3390/jmse9020237},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/9/2/237},
	author = {Picciulin, Marta and Facca, Chiara and Fiorin, Riccardo and Riccato, Federico and Zucchetta, Matteo and Malavasi, Stefano}
}
@article {57928,
	title = {The importance of underwater sounds to gadoid fishes},
	year = {2019},
	abstract = {<p>The codfish family includes more than 500 species that vary greatly in their abundance in areas like the North Sea and are widely fished. Gadoids (codfish) gather at particular locations to spawn, where they exhibit complex reproductive behavior with visual and acoustic displays. Calls have been described from seven species, including the Atlantic cod and haddock. They vocalize by means of a specialized apparatus, consisting of rapidly contracting striated muscles (the drumming muscles) attached to the gas-filled swim bladder. Several gadoids, such as the ling and the Greenland cod, possess drumming muscles and are likely to make sounds. Non-vocal gadoids, such as the poor cod, lack these muscles. It is suggested that the sonic apparatus was present in the early species of the gadoids, with some species having lost their sonic ability. Interestingly, silent gadoids are mainly small schooling fishes. Gadoid species are most sensitive to sounds from 30 to 500 Hz. Gadoid hearing can be masked by ambient sound but also by anthropogenic sounds, which may therefore adversely affect their reproduction, with potential effects upon discrete local stocks. Listening for gadoid sounds provides a reliable, non-invasive way of locating spawning sites, which can enhance the protection of reproducing fish from human impacts.</p>
},
	doi = {10.1121/1.5134683},
	url = {http://asa.scitation.org/doi/10.1121/1.5134683},
	author = {Hawkins, Anthony D. and Picciulin, Marta}
}
