@article {58373, title = {Temporal patterns of parasitoid fly ( Ormia ochracea) attraction to field cricket song ( Gryllus integer)}, year = {1996}, abstract = {

Female flies, Ormia ochracea (Diptera, Tachinidae), orient to the calling song of the field cricket Gryllus integer (Orthoptera, Gryllidae) and deposit larvae that burrow into and consume the cricket host. Selection pressure from O. ochracea has probably been important in the evolution of male cricket songs and mating behaviour in G. integer and other cricket species. Tape-recorded G. integer calling song was broadcast to study the temporal rate of attraction of O. ochracea. Flies became phonotactic to cricket song approximately at sunset, and the highest level of attraction was observed in the following hours of the evening. Fly phonotaxis decreased in the hours immediately preceding sunrise and no flies were attracted during daylight hours. More male G. integer call at sunrise and in the preceding hours than earlier in the evening, perhaps in response to the lower probability of attracting O. ochracea.

}, doi = {10.1139/z96-046}, url = {http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/z96-046}, author = {Cade, William H. and Ciceran, Mark and Murray, Anne-Marie} } @article {53365, title = {THE MECHANISM OF TUNING OF THE MOLE CRICKET SINGING BURROW}, journal = {Bioacoustics}, volume = {7}, year = {1996}, month = {Jan-01-1996}, pages = {81 - 117}, abstract = {

1.\ Experimental and theoretical studies on the acoustics of the singing burrow of the mole cricket Gryllotalpa australis are reported.


2.\ The burrow typically consists of a bulb about 26 mm long and 20 mm in diameter, connected through a constriction of diameter about 10 mm to a flaring horn with length about 40 mm and equivalent mouth diameter about 34 mm. The mouth geometry of the burrow differs from one species to another, and the aperture may be either single, double or even multiple. The end of the bulb opposite the horn connects to a narrow exit tunnei of diameter about 8 mm and length up to 1 m. The singing cricket positions itself close to the constriction between the bulb and the horn and produces a song with a frequency around 2.5 kHz.


3.\ Measurements of sound pressure within the burrow when it is excited by an external sound source at the song frequency show a pressure minimum at the constriction and an amplitude and phase distribution that is consistent with resonance of the burrow at its second modal frequency. The burrow is approximately three-quarters of a wavelength long at this frequency. The same result is obtained when the burrow is excited by a dipole source located near the constriction.


4.\ Non-parametric model calculations confirm this conclusion and also give broad agreement with the measured response curves over a frequency range from about 1.5 to 5 kHz. The calculated curves indicate an additional resonance at about 1.2 kHz associated with the first mode of the burrow\—the Helmholtz or Klipsch resonance\—which is apparently not utilised by the insect. This detail is consistent with earlier measurements, and is also supported by measured responses reported here that show an increase in sound pressure with decreasing frequency below 2 kHz as predicted by the model.


5.\ The measured performance of the burrow is broadly consistent with the model. According to the model, the burrow geometry is close to optimal for maximal sound power radiation.

}, keywords = {bioacoustics, burrow, Gryllotalpa, mole crickets, resonators, sound production}, issn = {0952-4622}, doi = {10.1080/09524622.1996.9753321}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09524622.1996.9753321}, author = {DAWS, A. G. and H. C. Bennet-Clark and FLETCHER, N. H.} } @article {52787, title = {Unusual abdomino-alary, defensive stridulatory mechanism in the bushcricketPantecphylus cerambycinus (Orthoptera, Tettigonioidea, Pseudophyllidae)}, journal = {Journal of Morphology}, volume = {227}, year = {1996}, month = {Jan-01-1996}, pages = {81 - 86}, issn = {0362-2525}, doi = {10.1002/(ISSN)1097-468710.1002/(SICI)1097-4687(199601)227:1<>1.0.CO;2-T10.1002/(SICI)1097-4687(199601)227:1<81::AID-JMOR6>3.0.CO;2-S}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/\%28ISSN\%291097-4687}, author = {Klaus-Gerhard Heller} } @article {52754, title = {Convergent song preferences between female field crickets and acoustically orienting parasitoid flies}, journal = {Behavioral Ecology}, volume = {7}, year = {1996}, month = {Jan-01-1996}, pages = {279 - 285}, abstract = {

Traits that increase the attractiveness of males to females often make them more conspicuous to predators. In the field cricket (Gryllus lineaticeps), males are attacked by parasitoid tachinid flies (Ormia ochracea) that locate males through their calls. Female flies larviposit on crickets and the larvae burrow into and feed on the cricket, killing the cricket upon emergence. To determine whether traits preferred by females increase a male\&$\#$39;s risk of attracting a predator, I examined the effect of variation in male singing behavior on mate and predator attraction. Both female crickets and female flies preferred male calling songs with higher chirp rates, longer chirp durations, and higher chirp amplitudes. In addition, both female crickets and female flies preferred male calling songs with higher chirp rates and longer chirp durations, even when these songs were of lower amplitude. These results suggest that sexual selection by female choice will favor the evolution of higher chirp rates and longer chirp durations. However, call types that increase a male\&$\#$39;s attractiveness to females also appear to increase a male\&$\#$39;s risk of attracting parasitoids. Sexual and natural selection appear to have opposing effects on the evolution of male singing behavior in this species.

}, issn = {1045-2249}, doi = {10.1093/beheco/7.3.279}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/beheco/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/beheco/7.3.279}, author = {William E. Wagner} } @article {50709, title = {Song, sex and synonymy: the palaearctic genus Acrida Linnaeus (Orthoptera, Acrididae, Acridinae) and synonymy of the subfamily Truxalinae under the subfamily Acridinae}, journal = {Journal of Orthoptera Research}, year = {1996}, pages = {125{\textendash}129}, abstract = {

The subfamilies Truxalinae and Acridinae are discussed. Acrida maxima Karny 1907 restored to species status from synonymy under Acrida turrita (L. 1758). The subfamily Truxalinae cannot be sustained as a separate taxon and is synonymised under the subfamily Acridinae since on grounds of male epiphallic morphology, femoral stridulatory apparatus and wing venation there is no means of clearly differentiating it from the Acridinae. The decision is supported by examples of functional anatomy from Chromotruxalis Dirsh 1951, Acrida Linnaeus 1758, Truxalis Fabricius 1775, Truxaloides Dirsh 1951, Acridarachnea I.Bolivar 1908, and Chromacrida Dirsh.

}, author = {Jago, ND} } @article {47713, title = {Sound production and cannibalism in larvae of the pine-sawyer beetle Monochamus sutor L.(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)}, journal = {Entomologisk Tidskrift}, volume = {117}, year = {1996}, pages = {29{\textendash}33}, abstract = {

One-year old larvae of the pine-sawyer beetle, Monochamus sutor L. (Coleoptera: Ceram\­ bycidae), produced regular, chirping sounds, easily heard up to 10 meters away. Larvae were positioned within their hibernation tunnel in sapwood of recently fire-killed spruce and pine trees. Their heads were directed outwards, and the sound was probably produced by the scratching of their mandibles against the bark. Since the larvae produce this sound in spite of the risk of attracting parasites and predators such as wood-peckers, this behaviour most likely has an adaptive value. We suggest that sound production helps a larva to secure resources around its hibernation tunnel for its own development by keeping away other potentially competitive larvae. That the larvae are cannibalistic was demonstrated during a trial perfor\­ med in petri dishes filled with sawdust. Any larva ignoring the sound signal could therefore face a real threat of being killed.

}, author = {Victorsson, Jonas and Wikars, Lars-Ove} } @book {47282, title = {Grasshopper Country: The Abundant Orthopteroid Insects of Australia}, year = {1996}, publisher = {University of New South Wales Press}, organization = {University of New South Wales Press}, address = {Sydney, Australia}, author = {D. C. F. Rentz} } @article {15200, title = {Echolocation and body size in insectivorous bats: the case of the giant naked bat Cheiromeles torquatus (Molossidae)}, journal = {Le Rhinolophe}, volume = {11}, year = {1996}, pages = {27{\textendash}38}, abstract = {

Recent hypotheses propose that the maximum size of aerial insectivorous bats is limited by properties of their echolocation system. According to these hypotheses large bats would (A) have to use low call frequencies which may only allow the detection of large prey. However, large prey may be too scarce to meet a large bat\’s energy requirements. Large bats would (B) have low wing beat frequencies and due to energetic reasons also low call repetition rates. These low call repetition rates, however, many not be sufficient for prey detection. Both hypotheses were tested by analysing the echolocation behaviour of Cheiromeles torquatus (150-200g), the largest aerial insectivorous bat.

Cheriomeles searches for prey by alternating calls with the lowest frequencies at 20 and 28 kHz (call duration 30 and 24 ms respectively) at a repetition rate of 6.3Hz, and a duty cycle of 18\%. The data are discussed in relation to the foraging behaviour of Cheiromeles.

The call parameters of Cheiromeles are far removed from predictions made in both models When the data of Cheiromeles and some other large bats are included in an allometric version of model (A) the prediction of the model changes distinctly indicating that call frequency might only be a weak constraint on body size, if at all. Call repetition rate seems to be correlated to call frequency and not directly to body size as is assumed in model (B). In nay case, large bats have lower call repetition rates than wing beat rates and the difference increases with body size. Therefore other factors have to be sought to explain the size distribution of aerial insectivorous bats.

}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Klaus-Gerhard_Heller/publication/257655672_Echolocation_and_body_size_in_insectivorous_bats_the_case_of_the_giant_naked_bat_Cheiromeles_torquatus_(Molossidae)/links/0deec52b5d412785f3000000.pdf}, author = {Klaus-Gerhard Heller} } @article {15174, title = {Recognition of courtship song in the field cricket,Teleogryllus oceanicus}, journal = {Animal Behaviour}, volume = {51}, year = {1996}, month = {Jan-02-1996}, pages = {353 - 366}, abstract = {

The courtship song of the cricket,Teleogryllus oceanicusplays an important role in inducing the female to mount the male, which is necessary for mating. The song consists of a short, amplitude-modulated chirp, followed by a long trill of constant intensity and high syllable rate. Using playback techniques, it was determined which physical parameters of courtship song are necessary and/or sufficient to evoke normal female mounting of muted, courting males. The higher harmonics of natural courtship song were neither necessary nor sufficient for the effectiveness of the song. The chirp component alone was sufficient to evoke normal levels of mounting, but the trill was only partially effective on its own. The conspicuous amplitude modulation of the chirp was not necessary to evoke normal responses. The results suggest that the high effectiveness of the chirp is due to its characteristic temporal pattern. As in other cricket species, the song repertoire ofT. oceanicusalso includes distinct calling and aggression songs, which contain chirps that are structurally similar to the courtship chirp. Both calling and aggression songs evoked normal mounting responses when played back in the context of courtship.

}, issn = {00033472}, doi = {10.1006/anbe.1996.0034}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003347296900342}, author = {Rohini Balakrishnan and Gerald S. Pollack} } @article {11813, title = {Elytro-tergal stridulation in weevils (Insecta: Coleoptera: Curculionoidea)}, journal = {Journal of Natural History}, volume = {30}, year = {1996}, pages = {703-773}, chapter = {703}, abstract = {Many Curculionidae, Scolytidae and Platypodidae stridulate by rubbing a plectrum on tergite VII against a subapical file on the elytral underside. The file on the right elytron may be smaller than that on the left, or absent; on either elytron it usually comprises a series of parallel ridges. The plectrum generally consists of one or more pair of setiferous tubercles, although other structures are sometimes employed. This stridulatory system ({\textquoteleft}type 1{\textquoteright}) is found in members of 14 curculionid subfamilies and in Scolytidae. Platypodidae have a similar and probably homologous organ, although the morphology of the file differs somewhat from that found elsewhere and the plectrum is a simple flange. Within Curculionidae three other elytro-tergal stridulatory systems have been found. Firstly, in some Cossoninae and Molytinae, the file is a row of tubercles on tergite VII and the plectrum is a ridge on the elytron ({\textquoteleft}type 2{\textquoteright}); this is newly reported here. Secondly, females of Ithyporini, some Camptorhinini and some Cryptorhynchini have part of the wing binding patch on tergite VII modified to act as a file, with a plectrum on the elytra ({\textquoteleft}type 3{\textquoteright}). Thirdly, some Amycterinae have a file of ridges on tergite VII and a plectrum on the elytra ({\textquoteleft}type 4{\textquoteright}), apparently an autapomorphy of a restricted group of species. In addition, some Curculionidae have a plectrum on the hind femur and a file on the abdominal sternum (some Cryptorhynchinae) or elytron (some Otidocephalinae). Scolytidae have at least three other stridulatory organs: two on the head and one involving the elytra and sternum VIII. Some systematic conclusions are drawn: the clear homology of the type 1 structures in Scolytidae and the majority of the stridulating Curculionidae indicates that the Curculionidae is paraphyletic with respect to the Scolytidae; Scolytidae should therefore be treated as a subfamily of Curculionidae. The structure of the platypodid file and plectrum provide equivocal information and do not aid resolution of the phylogenetic placement of this family. Monophyly of some Ithyporini and Camptorhinini is suggested by the distribution of type 3, but there is insufficient evidence to demonstrate paraphyly of the Cryptorhynchini. The distribution of type 2 does not indicate monophyly of the Cossoninae and Molytinae since the structures in the two are almost certainly homoplastic. All known records of elytro-tergal stridulatory organs in the Scolytidae, Platypodidae and Curculionidae are listed.}, keywords = {classification, Curculionidae, Curculionoidea, morphology, Platypodidae, Scolytidae, stridulation}, doi = {10.1080/00222939600770391}, author = {C.H.C. Lyal and T. King} }