02350nas a2200217 4500008004100000245008700041210006900128520165900197653001701856653001701873653001401890653001001904653001101914653001001925100002901935700002701964700002701991700002202018700002502040856006702065 2019 eng d00aGaps in terrestrial soundscape research: it’s time to focus on tropical wildlife0 aGaps in terrestrial soundscape research it s time to focus on tr3 a

There has been a body of research examining the sounds produced in landscapes. These sounds are commonly defined as soundscapes, however, the term is often used in different contexts. To understand how the various meanings attributed to soundscapes, we identified how soundscapes are represented in the scientific literature and identified current knowledge gaps in soundscape research focusing on terrestrial environments. We conducted a quantitative review of published papers with the keyword soundscape available at Web of Science and Scopus databases. A total of 1,309 abstracts and a subset of about 5% (N=68) complete papers and reviews published from 1985 to 2017 were read and analysed, identifying types of sound, types of environment and focal species studied, as well as study regions and climates. By identifying the current focus of research, we also identified gaps and research opportunities. Research was biased towards temperate regions, terrestrial environments, and the impacts on humans in urban areas. Although most of the world’s biodiversity is concentrated in tropical wilderness areas, these regions had fewer studies attributed to them. Given the importance of tropical landscapes for biodiversity conservation, we strongly suggest that more research should be undertaken in the tropics, with a particular focus on wildlife in these regions. Furthermore, soundscape research (methods and tools) should increasingly target the anthropogenic impacts on wildlife, including behavioural and physiological changes, alongside the current focus on human-sound interactions and the approach used by bioacoustics methods.

10abioacoustics10agap analysis10alandscape10aNoise10areview10asound1 aScarpelli, Marina, D. A.1 aRibeiro, Milton, Cezar1 aTeixeira, Fernanda, Z.1 aYoung, Robert, J.1 aTeixeira, Camila, P. uhttps://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S004896971935396302858nas a2200253 4500008004100000020002200041245006900063210005600132520212800188653001402316653001602330653001102346653002202357653002002379653001002399653001602409653001802425653001002443653003102453100001902484700002902503700001702532856005502549 2019 eng d a978-981-13-8921-400aPlant Cognition: Ability to Perceive ‘Touch’ and ‘Sound’0 aPlant Cognition Ability to Perceive Touch and Sound3 a

Plants’ sessile life-style has enabled them to develop enormous sensitivity towards their dynamic, tactile and clamorous surroundings. Consequently, besides a range of different stimuli, plants can even perceive subtle stimuli, like ‘touch’ and unanticipatedly ‘sound’. Importantly, touch sensitivity in plants is not just limited to sensitive plant and carnivorous species, which respond through eye-catchy movements; instead every plant and living plant cell senses and responds to mechanostimulation, whether intrinsic or extrinsic in nature. For instance, plant roots are extremely touch-sensitive, and upon encountering a bar- rier in soil, they are able to effectively redirect their growth to transcend it. Similarly, tendrils in climbing plants exhibit extreme sensitivity towards touch, which enable them to sense and grab a support in close vicinity. Unlike touch sensitivity, which was recognized long ago by Robert Hooke and Darwin, plants’ sensitivity towards sound has started gaining attention only recently. The past decade has seen major advances in this area of plant biology; many breakthrough discoveries were made that revealed the, otherwise debatable, ecological signifi- cance of sound perception in plants’ life. It has come to light that plants not just sense but also distinguish relevant sound among a mixture of irrelevant sound frequencies; plants distinguish buzz produced by a true pollinator among pollen thieves in the sophisticated process of buzz pollination. Similarly, plants distin- guish sound typical of a herbivore for elicitation of defence response. Interestingly, plant roots can sense sound of flowing water in order to direct their growth towards the water source. Given the similarity in the physical properties of touch and sound stimuli, many recently discovered signaling events and molecular players in touch and sound perception are noted to be common. However, in view of the contrasting responses tailored according to the stimuli, plants appear to distinguish well among the two in an ecologically meaningful manner.

10aCognition10adevelopment10aGrowth10aMechanoperception10aPlant acoustics10asound10aThigmonasty10aThigmotropism10aTouch10aVolatile organic compounds1 aSopory, Sudhir1 aMishra, Ratnesh, Chandra1 aBae, Hanhong uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-981-13-8922-101646nas a2200181 4500008004100000245008100041210006900122520107500191653001301266653001801279653002401297653001101321653001001332653001701342100002501359700002001384856006001404 2019 eng d00aBark beetles use a spring-loaded mechanism to produce variable song patterns0 aBark beetles use a springloaded mechanism to produce variable so3 a

Many insects vary their song patterns to communicate different messages, but the underlying biomechanisms are often poorly understood. Here, we report on the mechanics of sound production and variation in an elytro-tergal stridulator, male Dendroctonus valens bark beetles. Using ablation experiments coupled with high-speed video and audio recordings, we show that: (1) chirps are produced using a stridulatory file on the left elytron (forewing) and a protrusion (plectrum) on the seventh abdominal segment; (2) chirps are produced by ‘spring stridulation’, a catch-and-release mechanism whereby the plectrum catches on a file tooth and, upon release, springs forward along the file; and (3) variability in chirp types is caused by introducing multiple catch-and-release events along the file to create regular interruptions. These results provide experimental evidence for the mechanics of elytro-tergal stridulation, and provide insight into how an insect can incorporate variability into its acoustic repertoire using a spring-loaded mechanism.

10aAcoustic10acommunication10aDendroctonus valens10aInsect10asound10astridulation1 aLindeman, Amanda, A.1 aYack, Jayne, E. uhttp://jeb.biologists.org/lookup/doi/10.1242/jeb.19066001678nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001400041245008300055210006900138300002000207520105300227653001201280653001701292653002401309653000901333653002601342653001401368653001001382100001901392856006101411 2017 eng d a0263-276400aThe Science of Listening in Bioacoustics Research: Sensing the Animals' Sounds0 aScience of Listening in Bioacoustics Research Sensing the Animal a0263276417727053 aBioacoustics is an interdisciplinary field bridging biological and acoustic sciences, which uses sound technologies to record, preserve, and analyse large datasets of animal communications. But it is also a world, made of the meanings created through inter- and intra-species communication. This article empirically explores a variety of bioacoustics research, including interviews with researchers, as part of a broader qualitative study, in order to theorize the expanding sense and sensation of a global biosphere and sonic data. By giving a sustained and detailed account of the science of bioacoustics, particularly how its modes of measurement allow for a new way of understanding what is involved in the de-centred modes of hearing that re-centre acts of listening and, by extension, the nature of the relation between researcher and researched, the article contributes to methodological discussions regarding the longstanding questions of how researchers and scientists are implicated in the knowledge and objects they collectively produce.10aAnimals10abioacoustics10abiological sciences10adata10aemerging technologies10alistening10asound1 aVallee, Mickey uhttp://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/026327641772705902044nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001300041245010800054210006900162260001600231300001400247490000700261520134900268653002501617653001201642653001701654653001001671653001401681100001901695700001801714700001701732856006501749 1984 eng d a0022191000aProcessing of vibratory and acoustic signals by ventral cord neurones in the cricket Gryllus campestris0 aProcessing of vibratory and acoustic signals by ventral cord neu cJan-01-1984 a575 - 5850 v303 a

The responses of single vibratory receptors and ascending ventral cord interneurones were studied extracellularly in Gryllus campestris L. The physiology of the vibration receptors resembled those found in tettigoniids and locusts. The frequency responses of the subgenual receptors provide two possible cues for central frequency discrimination: differences in mean tuning between groups of receptors in the different leg pairs and a range of receptors tuned to different frequencies within one subgenual organ.

Most of the ascending vibratory interneurones were highly sensitive in either the low or high frequency range. Broadbanded neurones were less sensitive. The characteristic sensitivity peaks of these units are due mainly to receptor inputs from a particular leg pair, although most central neurones receive inputs from all 6 legs. Only one neurone type, TN1 received excitatory inputs from both auditory and vibratory receptors; its responses were greatly enhanced by the simultaneous presentation of both stimulus modes. The responses to sound stimuli of AN2, on the other hand, were inhibited by vibration. No other auditory interneurones investigated were influenced by inputs from vibration receptors. Central processing of vibratory information in the cricket is compared with that of tettigoniids and locusts.

10acentral coprocessing10acricket10ainterneurone10asound10avibration1 aKühne, Roland1 aSilver, Susan1 aLewis, Brian uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/002219108490086604329nas a2200409 4500008004100000022001400041245011500055210006900170260001600239300000600255490000900261520318800270653001303458653001003471653000903481653001803490653002103508653001903529653001603548653000903564653001003573653001003583653002503593653001303618653001703631100001903648700001903667700002203686700002503708700002603733700001803759700001603777700002603793700002403819700001903843856005703862 2017 eng d a1175-532600aThe use of bioacoustics in anuran taxonomy: theory, terminology, methods and recommendations for best practice0 ause of bioacoustics in anuran taxonomy theory terminology method cNov-04-2017 a10 v42513 a

Vocalizations of anuran amphibians have received much attention in studies of behavioral ecology and physiology, but also provide informative characters for identifying and delimiting species. We here review the terminology and variation of frog calls from a perspective of integrative taxonomy, and provide hands-on protocols for recording, analyzing, comparing, interpreting and describing these sounds. Our focus is on advertisement calls, which serve as premating isolation mechanisms and, therefore, convey important taxonomic information. We provide recommendations for terminology of frog vocalizations, with call, note and pulse being the fundamental subunits to be used in descriptions and comparisons. However, due to the complexity and diversity of these signals, an unequivocal application of the terms call and note can be challenging. We therefore provide two coherent concepts that either follow a note-centered approach (defining uninterrupted units of sound as notes, and their entirety as call) or a call-centered approach (defining uninterrupted units as call whenever they are separated by long silent intervals) in terminology. Based on surveys of literature, we show that numerous call traits can be highly variable within and between individuals of one species. Despite idiosyncrasies of species and higher taxa, the duration of calls or notes, pulse rate within notes, and number of pulses per note appear to be more static within individuals and somewhat less affected by temperature. Therefore, these variables might often be preferable as taxonomic characters over call rate or note rate, which are heavily influenced by various factors. Dominant frequency is also comparatively static and only weakly affected by temperature, but depends strongly on body size. As with other taxonomic characters, strong call divergence is typically indicative of species-level differences, whereas call similarities of two populations are no evidence for them being conspecific. Taxonomic conclusions can especially be drawn when the general advertisement call structure of two candidate species is radically different and qualitative call differences are thus observed. On the other hand, quantitative differences in call traits might substantially vary within and among conspecific populations, and require careful evaluation and analysis. We provide guidelines for the taxonomic interpretation of advertisement call differences in sympatric and allopatric situations, and emphasize the need for an integrative use of multiple datasets (bio-acoustics, morphology, genetics), particularly for allopatric scenarios. We show that small-sized frogs often emit calls with frequency components in the ultrasound spectrum, although it is unlikely that these high frequencies are of biological relevance for the majority of them, and we illustrate that detection of upper harmonics depends also on recording distance because higher frequencies are attenuated more strongly. Bioacoustics remains a prime approach in integrative taxonomy of anurans if uncertainty due to possible intraspecific variation and technical artifacts is adequately considered and acknowledged.

10aAmphibia10aAnura10acall10acall analysis10acall description10acall variation10adefinitions10anote10apulse10asound10aspecies delimitation10ataxonomy10avocalization1 aKöhler, Jörn1 aJansen, Martin1 aRodríguez, Ariel1 aKok, Philippe, J. R.1 aToledo, Luís, Felipe1 aEmmrich, Mike1 aGlaw, Frank1 aHaddad, Célio, F. B.1 aRödel, Mark-Oliver1 aVences, Miguel uhttp://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/issue/view/zootaxa.4251.102330nas a2200229 4500008004100000022001400041245008500055210006900140260001300209300001100222490000700233520169200240653001201932653002201944653001201966653001201978653002701990653001002017100001802027700001402045856004102059 1966 eng d a0022-094900aThe neuromuscular mechanism of stridulation in crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae).0 aneuromuscular mechanism of stridulation in crickets Orthoptera G c1966 Aug a151-640 v453 a

Study of the insect neuromuscular system appears very promising as a means of
explaining behaviour in terms of cellular operation. The relatively small number of
neurons, the ganglionic nature of the nervous system, the simplicity of the neuro-
muscular arrangement, and the repetitiveness of behavioural sequences all lend them-
selves to a solution of this problem. As a result, an increasing number of investigators
have been turning their attention to insects and especially to the large orthopterans.
Recently, Ewing & Hoyle (1965) and Huber (1965) reported on muscle activity
underlying sound production in crickets. The acoustic behaviour is well understood
(Alexander, 1961) and in the genera Gryllus, Acheta and Gryllodes communication is
mediated by three basic songs composed of three types of pulses. While working
independently on this system at the University of Cologne (W.K.) and the University
of Michigan (D.B.) using various Gryllus species, we found a number of basic
differences between the muscle activity in our crickets and that reported by Ewing
& Hoyle (1965) for Acheta domesticus. These two genera, Gryllus and Acheta, are so
nearly identical that they are distinguished solely by differences in the male genitalia
(Chopard, 1961). The present paper constitutes a survey of muscle activity patterns
producing stridulation in four species of field crickets. Since the work of the two
authors was carried out independently, non-overlapping experiments will be initialled
to indicate the investigator.

10aAnimals10aElectrophysiology10ainsects10amuscles10aneuromuscular junction10asound1 aBentley, D, R1 aKutsch, W uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/sv/node/1721302999nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001400041245011700055210006900172260001600241300001400257490000700271520223100278653002602509653002802535653001502563653001002578653002302588100002702611700002502638700002202663700001702685856005502702 2014 eng d a1366-638X00aBaseline data for automated acoustic monitoring of Orthoptera in a Mediterranean landscape, the Hymettos, Greece0 aBaseline data for automated acoustic monitoring of Orthoptera in cJan-10-2014 a909 - 9250 v183 a

Acoustic emissions of animals serve communi- cative purposes and most often contain species-specific and individual information exploitable to listeners, rendering bioacoustics a valuable tool for biodiversity monitoring. Recording bioacoustic signals allows reproducible species identification. There is a great need for increased use and further development of automated animal sound recording and identification to improve monitoring efficiency and accuracy for the benefit of conservation. Greece, with its high number of endemic species, represents a hotspot for European Biodiversity, including Orthopteran insects. Songs of many Orthoptera might be employed for the inventorying and monitoring of individual species and communities. We assessed the regional spatio-temporal composition of Orthoptera species at the Hymettos near Athens, which is a Natura 2000 site under constant threat due to the surrounding megacity. Within the framework of the EU Life Plus funded AmiBio project, we documented the Orthopteran species’ habitat characteristics, their co-occurrence and phenology. We found, in total, 20 species with seven to ten Orthoptera at locations characterised by diverse vegetation patterns of perennial herbs and bushes. For the purposes of implemen- tation of an automated remote monitoring scheme, we identified sampling sites with high Orthopteran diversity, allowing the monitoring of all singing Orthoptera within single localities. By analysing sound depositories and adding recordings from new sample individuals, we established a song library as prerequisites for future automatic song detection. Based on our results, acoustic recording units have been placed at remote sites at the Hymettos. We discuss recommendations for further studies to fully employ the potential of automated acoustic monitoring of Orthoptera. A reliable assessment of singing Orthoptera needs recording units covering ultrasound. Due to high attenuation and absorbance by the vegetation, particularly of the high fre- quencies characterising Orthopteran songs, positioning of microphones at sites is critical: the microphone sensor net- work has to be an order of magnitude denser than for mon- itoring birds,

10aAutonomous monitoring10aBiodiversity monitoring10aOrthoptera10asound10awildlife recording1 aLehmann, Gerlind, U.C.1 aFrommolt, Karl-Heinz1 aLehmann, Arne, W.1 aRiede, Klaus uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10841-014-9700-2