02724nas a2200277   4500008004100000022001300041245009200054210006900146260001600215300001400231490000800245520190000253653001502153653001802168653001602186653001302202653002902215653001302244653002002257100002202277700002002299700002202319700002202341700001702363856006602380       2017                        eng d  a0003347200aGestural development of chimpanzees in the wild: the impact of interactional experience0 aGestural development of chimpanzees in the wild the impact of in  cJan-12-2017  a271 - 2820 v1343 a<p>To understand the complexity involved in animal signalling, studies have mainly focused on repertoire size and information conveyed in vocalizations of birds and nonhuman primates. However, recent studies on gestural abilities of nonhuman primates have shown that we also need a detailed understanding of other communicative modalities and underlying cognitive skills to grasp this phenomenon in detail. Here, we thus examined gestural signalling of chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, living in two communities in the wild (Kanyawara, Uganda; Ta&iuml; South, Co^te d&#39;Ivoire) with a special focus on the influence of the social environment on signal development. Specifically, we investigated to what extent specific social factors, namely behavioural context, interaction rates and maternal proximity, affect gestural production (i.e. gesture frequency, sequences and repertoire size). We used a combination of video recordings and focal scans obtained from 11 infants aged between 9 and 69 months during 1145 h of observation throughout two consecutive field periods. Overall, we found that social play was the context in which the highest number of gestures occurred. While gesture frequency and repertoire size increased with higher inter- action rates with nonmaternal conspecifics and the number of previous interaction partners, no effect was found for interaction rates with mothers. Our results thus imply that infants of social mothers may have a head start in life. Moreover, we provide hitherto undocumented evidence for sex differences in gestural signalling, which may reflect the differential importance of early socialization for chimpanzee males and females. Gestural development thus relies heavily on interactional experiences with con- specifics, which adds support for gestural acquisition via the learning mechanism of &lsquo;social negotiation&rsquo; in great apes.</p>
10achimpanzee10acommunication10adevelopment10agestures10ainteractional experience10aontogeny10aPan troglodytes1 aFröhlich, Marlen1 aMüller, Gudrun1 aZeiträg, Claudia1 aWittig, Roman, M.1 aPika, Simone  uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S000334721630361X