02113nas a2200145   4500008004100000245013500041210006900176260001600245520156700261100003301828700001901861700002001880700002401900856004301924       2017                        eng d00aMorphological determinants of carrier frequency signal in katydids (Orthoptera): a comparative analysis using biophysical evidence0 aMorphological determinants of carrier frequency signal in katydi  cApr-09-20183 a<p>Male katydids produce mating calls by stridulation using specialized structures on the forewings. The right wing (RW) bears a scraper connected to a drum-like cell known as the mirror and a left wing (LW) that overlaps the RW and bears a serrated vein on the ventral side, the stridulatory file. Sound is generated with the scraper sweeping across the file, producing vibrations that are amplified by the mirror. Using this sound generator, katydids exploit a range of song carrier frequencies (CF) unsurpassed by any other insect group, with species singing as low as 600 Hz and others as high as 150 kHz. Sound generator size has been shown to scale negatively with CF, but such observations derive from studies based on few species, without phylogenetic control, and/or using only the RW mirror length. We carried out a phylogenetic comparative analysis involving 94 species of katydids to study the relationship between LW and RW components of the sound generator and the CF of the male&#39;s mating call, while taking into account body size and phylogenetic relationships. The results showed that CF negatively scaled with all morphological measures, but was most strongly related to components of the sound generation system (file, LW and RW mirrors). Interestingly, the LW mirror (reduced and non-functional) predicted CF more accurately than the RW mirror, and body size is not a reliable CF predictor. Mathematical models were verified on known species for predicting CF in species for which sound is unknown (e.g. fossils or museum specimens).</p>
1 aMontealegre-Zapata, Fernando1 aOgden, Jessica1 aJonsson, Thorin1 aSoulsbury, Carl, D.  uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jeb.1317902023nas a2200193   4500008004100000245016200041210006900203260001600272300001100288490000600299520131800305100002401623700002201647700002601669700002601695700003301721700002301754856005201777       2014                        eng d00aShrinking Wings for Ultrasonic Pitch Production: Hyperintense Ultra-Short-Wavelength Calls in a New Genus of Neotropical Katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)0 aShrinking Wings for Ultrasonic Pitch Production Hyperintense Ult  cMay-06-2014  ae987080 v93 a<p>This article reports the discovery of a new genus and three species of predaceous katydid (Insecta: Orthoptera) from Colombia and Ecuador in which males produce the highest frequency ultrasonic calling songs so far recorded from an arthropod. Male katydids sing by rubbing their wings together to attract distant females. Their song frequencies usually range from audio (5 kHz) to low ultrasonic (30 kHz). However, males of Supersonus spp. call females at 115 kHz, 125 kHz, and 150 kHz. Exceeding the human hearing range (50 Hz&ndash;20 kHz) by an order of magnitude, these insects also emit their ultrasound at unusually elevated sound pressure levels (SPL). In all three species these calls exceed 110 dB SPL rms re 20 m Pa (at 15 cm). Males of Supersonus spp. have unusually reduced forewings (,0.5 mm 2 ). Only the right wing radiates appreciable sound, the left bears the file and does not show a particular resonance. In contrast to most katydids, males of Supersonus spp. position and move their wings during sound production so that the concave aspect of the right wing, underlain by the insect dorsum, forms a contained cavity with sharp resonance. The observed high SPL at extreme carrier frequencies can be explained by wing anatomy, a resonant cavity with a membrane, and cuticle deformation.</p>
1 aSarria-S, Fabio, A.1 aMorris, Glenn, K.1 aWindmill, James, F.C.1 aJackson, Joseph, Curt1 aMontealegre-Zapata, Fernando1 aEtges, William, J.  uhttp://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098708