@article {53124, title = {Spatial Dynamics and Breeding Ecology in the Cicada Cystosoma saundersii: The Interaction Between Distributions of Resources and Intraspecific Behaviour}, journal = {The Journal of Animal Ecology}, volume = {50}, year = {1981}, month = {Jan-10-1981}, pages = {925}, abstract = {

(1) The population dynamics of adults of Cystosoma saundersii are examined with special emphasis on the spatial dynamics of males and on the mating success associated with contrasting patterns of reproductive behaviour.

(2) More males spend longer periods on, and attract more females to, smaller bushes (\<8 m3) than larger bushes (\>8 m3).

(3) The spatial arrays of males are clumped independently of the distributions of the bushes from which they sing. Bushes were given relative weightings based on male preferences for different size classes of bushes. The inclusion of these weighting factors did not affect the above conclusion.

(4) Males who share bushes space out so that they are 1.0 to 1.5 m apart.

(5) The spatial arrays of males were found to depend, to a certain extent, on the distribution of males on the previous night.

(6) Females select males only on the basis of their acoustic displays. The most successful males at obtaining matings were those which appeared to enhance the propagation of their songs by adopting several behavioural strategies. These strategies include the selection of smaller bushes; singing at a height which is maximally efficient for transmitting their song frequency; and by singing in close proximity to other males. Males occurred in pairs, trios and other multiples in bushes more frequently than would be expected in random distributions. Such males attract more females per capita than do isolated males.

(7) The probability of attracting a female is independent of the amount of time a male has already been singing. Thus the most successful males are those which adopt the patterns of behaviour outlined above for the longest time (2-3 weeks).

}, issn = {00218790}, doi = {10.2307/4147}, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/4147?origin=crossref}, author = {Nally, Ralph C. Mac} } @article {53123, title = {Male spacing and the influence of female courtship behaviour in the bladder cicada, Cystosoma saundersii Westwood}, journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology}, volume = {9}, year = {1981}, pages = {269{\textendash}276}, abstract = {

1. Experimental choruses of males of Cystosoma saundersii with manipulated densities -12 times that usually found in bushes of the same size were set up and compared with choruses with natural densities of males. Greater numbers of both males and females were attracted to the louder, denser choruses.

2. There were higher rates of dispersal away from and movements within the experimental choruses than those found at natural densities. This indicated some form of repulsion occurring between males in close proximity.

3. Playback experiments to calling males in the field showed that males would stop singing and move away in response to high intensities of a conspecific calling song. The intensities eliciting this reaction cor- responded to a conspecific male singing at separations of less than or equal to 0.5 m. Aggression between males or aggressive songs have not been observed.

4. Females fly in to the chorus and alight generally within 0.5 m of the male of their choice. They then produce a pheromone which they disperse by wing-flicking. The rate of wing-flicking was used as a quan- titative measure of the willingness of a female to mate.

5. Twice as many females were attracted to higher densities of males than to natural densities. However, in the experimental situation, the probability of an attracted female actually mating was half that occur- ring in natural densities. This appeared to be due to an inhibition of the female wing-flicking behaviour.

6. Playback experiments showed that females will respond by wing-flicking to a male only when his song is at least 9 dB louder than that of his nearest neighbour (when the sound pressure levels of the sources are measured separately at the position of the female). Using this figure as a threshold, volumes in which females would respond were calculated for males with a series of nearest-neighbour distances. At the average separation found between males sharing bushes in the field, the volume in which a female would respond covered most of the volume in which a female is likely to land. Thus, the discriminating capabilities of the female were shown to govern the minimum separation occurring between males.

}, keywords = {Aggregation, amphibians, animal vocalization, Cicadas, Insect behavior, Insect sounds, Loudspeakers, mating behavior, Singing, Sound pressure}, author = {Jane M. Doolan} } @article {17215, title = {Sound radiation by the bladder cicada Cystosoma saundersii}, journal = {Journal of Experimental Biology}, volume = {201}, year = {1998}, pages = {701-715}, chapter = {701}, abstract = {

Male Cystosoma saundersii have a distended thin-walled abdomen which is driven by the paired tymbals during sound production. The insect extends the abdomen from a rest length of 32-34 mm to a length of 39-42 mm while singing. This is accomplished through specialised apodemes at the anterior ends of abdominal segments 4-7, which cause each of these intersegmental membranes to unfold by approximately 2 mm.\ 

The calling song frequency is approximately 850 Hz. The song pulses have a bimodal envelope and a duration of approximately 25 ms; they are produced by the asynchronous but overlapping action of the paired tymbals. The quality factor Q of the decay of the song pulses is approximately 17.\ 

The abdomen was driven experimentally by an internal sound source attached to a hole in the front of the abdomen. This allowed the sound-radiating regions to be mapped. The loudest sound-radiating areas are on both sides of tergites 3-5, approximately 10 mm from the ventral surface. A subsidiary sound-radiating region is found mid-ventrally on sternites 4-6. Sound is radiated in the same phase from all these regions. As the abdomen was extended experimentally from its resting length to its maximum length, the amplitude of the radiated sound doubled and the Q of the resonance increased from 4 to 9. This resonance and effect are similar at both tergite 4 and sternite 5.\ 

Increasing the effective volume of the abdominal air sac reduced its resonant frequency. The resonant frequency was proportional to 1/(check)(total volume), suggesting that the air sac volume was the major compliant element in the resonant system. Increasing the mass of tergite 4 and sternites 4-6 also reduced the resonant frequency of the abdomen. By extrapolation, it was shown that the effective mass of tergites 3-5 was between 13 and 30 mg and that the resonant frequency was proportional to 1/(check)(total mass), suggesting that the masses of the tergal sound-radiating areas were major elements in the resonant system.

The tymbal ribs buckle in sequence from posterior (rib 1) to anterior, producing a series of sound pulses. The frequency of the pulse decreases with the buckling of successive ribs: rib 1 produces approximately 1050 Hz, rib 2 approximately 870 Hz and rib 3 approximately 830 Hz. The sound pulse produced as the tymbal buckles outwards is between 1.6 and 1.9 kHz. Simultaneous recordings from close to the tymbal and from tergite 4 suggest that the song pulse is initiated by the pulses produced by ribs 2 and 3 of the leading tymbal and sustained by the pulses from ribs 2 and 3 of the second tymbal.

An earlier model suggested that the reactive elements of the abdominal resonance were the compliance of the abdominal air sac volume and the mass of the abdomen undergoing lengthwise telescoping. The present work confirms these suggestions for the role of the air sac but ascribes the mass element to the in-out vibrations of the lateral regions of tergites 3-5 and the central part of sternites 4-6.

}, url = {http://jeb.biologists.org/content/201/5/701}, author = {H. C. Bennet-Clark and Young, D} } @article {17167, title = {Studies on the acoustical behaviour of seventeen-year cicadas}, journal = {The Ohio Journal of Science}, volume = {58}, year = {1958}, pages = {107-127}, chapter = {107}, url = {https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/1811/4517/1/V58N02_107.pdf}, author = {Moore, Thomas E.} } @article {16954, title = {Singing Crickets and Periodical Cicadas}, journal = {Research News, Office of Research Administration, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor}, volume = {XIV}, year = {1963}, author = {Anon} } @article {13531, title = {Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) from Camiguin of Mindanao Province and Dinagat Island in the Philippines, with a new genus and three new species}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4097}, year = {2016}, pages = {187}, abstract = {

This paper provides the first faunal checklist for the family Cicadidae (Hemiptera) from Camiguin of Mindanao Province and Dinagat Island in the Philippines, comprising ten species belonging to nine genera. Cryptotympana shillana Lee \& Mohagan sp. nov., Orientopsaltria inermis (St\ål, 1870), Purana crassinotata Lee, 2015, and Huechys parvula Haupt, 1924 are recorded for the first time from Camiguin. Platypleura dinagatensis Lee sp. nov., Chremistica kyoungheeae Lee, 2010, Dundubia vaginata (Fabricius, 1787), Oncotympana pallidiventris St\ål, 1870, and Philipsalta nigrina Lee, Marshall \& Hill sp. nov. are newly recorded from Dinagat Island. A new genus Philipsalta Lee, Marshall \& Hill gen. nov. is erected. Huechysini Distant, 1905 syn. nov. is synonymized with Cicadettini Buckton, 1889. Information on geographic distributions of the Camiguin and Dinagat species is also provided.

}, keywords = {checklist, Cicadettini, Cryptotympana shillana, distribution, fauna, Huechysini, Philipsalta, Philipsalta nigrina, Platypleura dinagatensis, taxonomy}, issn = {1175-5326}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4097.210.11646/zootaxa.4097.2.2}, url = {http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/issue/view/zootaxa.4097.2}, author = {Lee, Young June and Marshall, David C. and Alma B. Mohagan and Kathy B. R. Hill} }