01942nas a2200205 4500008004100000245008000041210006900121520124300190653001701433653001201450653002901462653002101491653001401512653002101526653001301547100001401560700002701574700001501601856012001616 2008 eng d00aSexual dimorphism in auditory mechanics: tympanal vibrations of Cicada orni0 aSexual dimorphism in auditory mechanics tympanal vibrations of C3 a

In cicadas, the tympanum is anatomically intricate and employs complex vibrations as a mechanism for auditory frequency analysis. Using microscanning laser Doppler vibrometry, the tympanal mechanics of Cicada orni can be characterized in controlled acoustical conditions. The tympanum of C. orni moves following a simple drum-like motion, rather than the travelling wave found in a previous study of Cicadatra atra. There is a clear sexual dimorphism in the tympanal mechanics. The large male tympanum is unexpectedly insensitive to the dominant frequency of its own calling song, possibly a reflection of its dual purpose as a sound emitter and receiver. The small female tympanum appears to be mechanically sensitive to the dominant frequency of the male calling song and to high-frequency sound, a capacity never suspected before in these insects. This sexual dimorphism probably results from a set of selective pressures acting in divergent directions, which are linked to the different role of the sexes in sound reception and production. These discoveries serve to indicate that there is far more to be learnt about the development of the cicada ear, its biomechanics and evolution, and the cicada's acoustic behaviour.

10abiomechanics10ahearing10ahigh-frequency reception10alaser vibrometry10apredation10aselective forces10atympanum1 aSueur, J.1 aWindmill, James, F. C.1 aRobert, D. uhttp://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.018804https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1242/jeb.01880401726nas a2200193 4500008004100000245008300041210006900124520106900193653001201262653001701274653001101291653002901302653001201331653001301343100002701356700001401383700001501397856012001412 2009 eng d00aThe next step in cicada audition: measuring pico-mechanics in the cicada's ear0 anext step in cicada audition measuring picomechanics in the cica3 a

Female cicadas use sound when they select a mate from a chorus of singing males. The cicada has a tympanal ear; and the tympanal membrane, and constituent tympanal ridge, act as both acousto-mechanical transducers and frequency filters. The tympanal ridge is physically connected to a large number of mechanoreceptor neurons via a cuticular extension known as the tympanal apodeme. Using microscanning laser Doppler vibrometry, we measured for the first time the in vivo vibrations of the apodeme of female Cicadatra atra in response to the motion of the tympanum driven by sound. These measurements reveal that the nanoscale motion of the tympanal membrane is over a magnitude greater than that of the apodeme. Furthermore, the apodeme acts as an additional mechanical frequency filter, enhancing that of the tympanal ridge, narrowing the frequency band of vibration at the mechanoreceptor neurons to that of the male calling song. This study enhances our understanding of the mechanical link between the external ear of the cicada and its sensory cells.

10aapodeme10abiomechanics10aCicada10afrequency discrimination10ahearing10atympanum1 aWindmill, James, F. C.1 aSueur, J.1 aRobert, D. uhttp://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.033019https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1242/jeb.03301901890nas a2200193 4500008004100000245009700041210006900138520127800207653001701485653001101502653002901513653001201542653002001554653001301574100001801587700002601605700001901631856004601650 2006 eng d00aTuning the drum: the mechanical basis for frequency discrimination in a Mediterranean cicada0 aTuning the drum the mechanical basis for frequency discriminatio3 a

Cicadas are known to use sound to find a mate. While the mechanism employed by male cicadas to generate loud calling songs has been described in detail, little information exists to explain how their ears work. Using microscanning laser Doppler vibrometry, the tympanal vibrations in the cicada Cicadatra atra are measured in response to acoustic playbacks. The topographically accurate optical measurements reveal the vibrational behaviour of the anatomically complex tympanal membrane. Notably, the tympanal ridge, a distinct structural element of the tympanum that is a link to the receptor cells, undergoes mechanical vibrations reminiscent of a travelling wave. In effect, the frequency for which the maximum deflection amplitude is observed regularly decreases from the apex to the base of the ridge. It is also shown that whilst female ears are mechanically tuned to the male's song, the male's tympanum is only partially tuned to its own song. This study establishes the presence of a peripheral auditory mechanism that can potentially process auditory frequency analysis. In view of the importance of acoustic signalling in cicadas, this unconventional tympanal mechanism may be employed in the context of species recognition and sexual selection.

10abiomechanics10aCicada10afrequency discrimination10ahearing10atravelling wave10atympanum1 aSueur, Jerome1 aWindmill, James, F.C.1 aRobert, Daniel uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/zh-hans/node/5762202155nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001400041245012900055210006900184260001600253300001200269490000700281520136500288653001701653653001301670653001901683653001701702653001501719100002601734700002001760700003201780700003301812856006801845 2014 eng d a0952-462200aUltrasonic reverse stridulation in the spider-like katydid Arachnoscelis (Orthoptera: Listrosceledinae)0 aUltrasonic reverse stridulation in the spiderlike katydid iArach cFeb-01-2014 a67 - 770 v233 a

This paper illustrates the biomechanics of sound production in the neotropical predaceous katydid Arachnoscelis arachnoides (Insecta: Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae). Described and previously known from only one male specimen, this genus of predaceous katydids resembles spiders in their general body appearance. To call distant females, male katydids produce songs by stridulation where one forewing possessing a sclerotized file rubs against a row of teeth (scraper) on the other wing. In most katydid species, the songs are produced during the wing-closing phase of the stridulation. Morphological comparative studies of the stridulatory apparatus of the type specimen of Arachnoscelis arachnoides and males of other closely related species suggest that this insect sings with a frequency of ca. 80 kHz to attract conspecific females. We found an abundant population of A. arachnoides in Central Northeast of Colombia and undertook a complete analysis of the biomechanics of stridulation in this species. Using ultrasound-sensitive equipment and high-speed video, we determined that male A. arachnoides sing at ca. 74 kHz and use elastic energy and wing deformation to reach such ultrasonic frequencies. In contrast to most katydids, males of this species produce their calls during the opening phase of the wing; this form of stridulation is discussed.

10abiomechanics10aColombia10aelastic energy10astridulation10aultrasound1 aChivers, Benedict, D.1 aJonsson, Thorin1 aCadena-Castaneda, Oscar, J.1 aMontealegre-Zapata, Fernando uhttp://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09524622.2013.81663901817nas a2200265 4500008004100000022001400041245012000055210006900175260001600244300001600260490000800276520100400284653002501288653001701313653001601330653001901346653001801365100001401383700003301397700001901430700001801449700001601467700001201483856005601495 2012 eng d a0027-842400aWing stridulation in a Jurassic katydid (Insecta, Orthoptera) produced low-pitched musical calls to attract females0 aWing stridulation in a Jurassic katydid Insecta Orthoptera produ cJun-03-2012 a3868 - 38730 v1093 a

Behaviors are challenging to reconstruct for extinct species, particularly the nature and origins of acoustic communication. Here we unravel the song of Archaboilus musicus Gu, Engel and Ren sp. nov., a 165 million year old stridulating katydid. From the exceptionally preserved morphology of its stridulatory apparatus in the forewings and phylogenetic comparison with extant species, we reveal that A. musicus radiated pure-tone (musical) songs using a resonant mechanism tuned at a frequency of 6.4 kHz. Contrary to previous scenarios, musical songs were an early innovation, preceding the broad-bandwidth songs of extant katydids. Providing an accurate insight into paleoacoustic ecology, the low-frequency musical song of A. musicus was well-adapted to communication in the lightly cluttered environment of the mid-Jurassic forest produced by coniferous trees and giant ferns, suggesting that reptilian, amphibian, and mammalian insectivores could have also heard A. musicus' song.

10abiological asymmetry10abiomechanics10abushcricket10acall evolution10aTettigoniidae1 aGu, J.-J.1 aMontealegre-Zapata, Fernando1 aRobert, Daniel1 aEngel, M., S.1 aQiao, G.-X.1 aRen, D. uhttp://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1118372109