02251nas a2200313 4500008004100000245009200041210006900133520124800202653002801450653001701478653003201495653001501527100002701542700002801569700001801597700002301615700003001638700002201668700002101690700002801711700002201739700002101761700001701782700002801799700002601827700002201853700001901875856004301894 2018 eng d00aIt's time to listen: there is much to be learned from the sounds of tropical ecosystems0 aIts time to listen there is much to be learned from the sounds o3 a

Knowledge that can be gained from acoustic data collection in tropical ecosystems is low-hanging fruit. There is every reason to recordand with every day, there are fewer excuses not to do it. In recent years, the cost of acoustic recorders has decreased substantially(some can be purchased for under US$50, e.g., Hillet  al.2018) and the technology needed to store and analyze acoustic data is contin-uously improving (e.g., Corrada Bravoet  al.2017, Xieet  al.2017). Soundscape recordings provide a permanent record of a site at agiven time and contain a wealth of invaluable and irreplaceable information. Although challenges remain, failure to collect acoustic datanow in tropical ecosystems would represent a failure to future generations of tropical researchers and the citizens that benefit fromecological research. In this commentary, we (1) argue for the need to increase acoustic monitoring in tropical systems; (2) describe thetypes of research questions and conservation issues that can be addressed with passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) using both short-and long-term data in terrestrial and freshwater habitats; and (3) present an initial plan for establishing a global repository of tropical recordings.

10aconservation technology10aecoacoustics10apassive acoustic monitoring10aSoundscape1 aDeichmann, Jessica, L.1 aAcevedo-Charry, Orlando1 aBarclay, Leah1 aBurivalova, Zuzana1 aCampos-Cerqueira, Marconi1 ad'Horta, Fernando1 aGame, Edward, T.1 aGottesman, Benjamin, L.1 aHart, Patrick, J.1 aKalan, Ammie, K.1 aLinke, Simon1 aNascimento, Leandro, Do1 aPijanowski, Bryan, C.1 aStaaterman, Erica1 aAide, Mitchell uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/btp.1259302274nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001300041245012300054210006900177260001600246520167600262100002001938700001501958700001901973700001901992700002602011856006702037 2019 eng d a1574954100aContributions of MIR to soundscape ecology. Part 2: Spectral timbral analysis for discriminating soundscape components0 aContributions of MIR to soundscape ecology Part 2 Spectral timbr cJan-02-20193 a

Soundscape ecology evaluates biodiversity and environmental disturbances by investigating the interaction among soundscape components (biological, geophysical, and human-produced sounds) using data collected with autonomous recording units. Current analyses consider the acoustic properties of frequency and amplitude resulting in varied metrics, but rarely focus on the discrimination of soundscape components. Computational musicologists analyze similar data but consider a third acoustic property, timbre.

Here, we investigated the effectiveness of spectral timbral analysis to distinguish among dominant soundscape components. This process included manually labeling and extracting spectral timbral features for each recording. Then, we tested classification accuracy with linear and quadratic discriminant analyses on combinations of spectral timbral features.

Different spectral timbral feature groups distinguished between biological, geophysical, and manmade sounds in a single field recording. Furthermore, as we tested different combinations of spectral timbral features that resulted in both high and very low accuracy results, we found that they could be ordered to “sift” out field recordings by individual dominant soundscape component.

By using timbre as a new acoustic property in soundscape analyses, we could classify dominant soundscape components effectively. We propose further investigation into a sifting scheme that may allow researchers to focus on more specific research questions such as understanding changes in biodiversity, discriminating by taxonomic class, or to inspect weather-related events.

1 aVanSchaik, Jack1 aZhao, Zhao1 aGasc, Amandine1 aOmrani, Hichem1 aPijanowski, Bryan, C. uhttps://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S157495411830190003188nas a2200277 4500008004100000022001300041245011300054210006900167260001600236300001400252490000700266520214000273653002002413653001902433653001002452653002302462653001502485653002402500100003002524700002202554700002802576700002102604700002602625700002602651856023302677 2018 eng d a1470160X00aAssessing biological and environmental effects of a total solar eclipse with passive multimodal technologies0 aAssessing biological and environmental effects of a total solar  cJan-12-2018 a353 - 3690 v953 a

On 21 August 2017, a total solar eclipse crossed the continental United States, providing a unique natural experiment to observe how wildlife and plants respond to rapid and drastic changes in photic conditions using a multi-modal suite of tools. We installed passive time-lapse and infrared cameras, sound recorders, and data loggers in the Central Platte River Valley of Nebraska to study this phenomenon. The eclipse lasted about three hours, and complete obscuration of the sun (totality) lasted for about 2 min and 30 sec. Light values, measured with time-lapse camera systems, decreased 67% on average during totality relative to the daily mean light value. Ambient temperatures decreased by 6.7 °C on average (12% of the daily mean) approximately 11–16 min after totality; concurrently, humidity increased by an average of 12% of the daily mean. We found evidence for altered acoustic activity in response to the eclipse, including site and species-specific changes in the call activities of late season breeding birds and insects in the orders orthoptera and hemiptera. In addition, acoustic indices were differentially correlated with changes in photic and thermal conditions. However, we did not observe changes in flowering plants nor detect bat activity at known night roost and foraging areas. Historically, observations during rare occurrences, such as a total solar eclipse, were anecdotal or limited in scope, and thus, how they changed the light, sound, and meteorological conditions on the landscape were difficult to validate and measure. In comparison, anthropogenic disturbances, including impacts from light pollution and climate change, often take place slowly over long periods, and therefore, can be complex and challenging to assess. Documentation of this stochastic occurrence, with an immediate change in environmental conditions, highlights the utility of passive multimedia technologies to increase our capacity to monitor ecosystem dynamics and chronicle the variations of abiotic properties of a landscape and concomitant responses of organisms with varying sensory abilities.

10aAnimal response10aimage analysis10aLight10aPassive monitoring10aSoundscape10aTotal solar eclipse1 aBuckley, Emma, M. Brinley1 aCaven, Andrew, J.1 aGottesman, Benjamin, L.1 aHarner, Mary, J.1 aPijanowski, Bryan, C.1 aForsberg, Michael, L. uhttps://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1470160X18305375https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S1470160X18305375?httpAccept=text/xmlhttps://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S1470160X18305375?httpAccept=text/plain02697nas a2200265 4500008004100000022001400041245010900055210006900164260001600233520187100249653002502120653001602145653001902161653002002180653001502200653001302215100001902228700002802247700002202275700001602297700001702313700002002330700002602350856005502376 2018 eng d a0921-297300aSoundscapes reveal disturbance impacts: biophonic response to wildfire in the Sonoran Desert Sky Islands0 aSoundscapes reveal disturbance impacts biophonic response to wil cOct-07-20183 a

Context
While remote sensing imagery is effective for quantifying land cover changes across large areas, its utility for directly assessing the response of animals to disturbance is limited. Soundscapes approaches— the recording and analysis of sounds in a landscape— could address this shortcoming.

Objectives
In 2011, a massive wildfire named ‘‘the Horseshoe 2 Burn’’ occurred in the Chiricahua National Monument, Arizona, USA. We evaluated the impact of this wildfire on acoustic activity of animal communities.

Methods
In 2013, soundscape recordings were col- lected over 9 months in 12 burned and 12 non-burned sites in four ecological systems. The seasonal and diel biological acoustic activity were described using the ‘‘Bioacoustic Index’’, a detailed aural analysis of sound sources, and a new tool called ‘‘Sonic Time- lapse Builder’’ (STLB).


Results
Seasonal biophony phenology showed a diurnal peak in June and a nocturnal peak in October in all ecological systems. On June mornings, acoustic activity was lower at burned than at non-burned sites in three of four ecological systems, due to a decreased abundance of cicadas directly impacted by the death of trees. Aural analyses revealed that 55% of recordings from non-burned sites contained insect sounds com- pared to 18% from burned sites. On October nights, orthopteran activity was more prevalent at some burned sites, possibly due to post-fire emergence of herbaceous.

Conclusions
Soundscape approaches can help address long-term conservation issues involving the responses of animal communities to wildfire. Acoustic methods can serve as a valuable complement to remote sensing for disturbance-based landscape management.

10aConservation biology10adisturbance10aRemote sensing10aSonic timelapse10aSoundscape10aWildfire1 aGasc, Amandine1 aGottesman, Benjamin, L.1 aFrancomano, Dante1 aJung, Jinha1 aDurham, Mark1 aMateljak, Jason1 aPijanowski, Bryan, C. uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10980-018-0675-300809nas a2200217 4500008004100000022001300041245006200054210006100116260001600177300001400193490000700207100002600214700003200240700002300272700001700295700002300312700002600335700002100361700002000382856018900402 2011 eng d a0006356800aSoundscape Ecology: The Science of Sound in the Landscape0 aSoundscape Ecology The Science of Sound in the Landscape cJan-03-2011 a203 - 2160 v611 aPijanowski, Bryan, C.1 aVillanueva-Rivera, Luis, J.1 aDumyahn, Sarah, L.1 aFarina, Almo1 aKrause, Bernie, L.1 aNapoletano, Brian, M.1 aGage, Stuart, H.1 aPieretti, Nadia uhttps://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article-lookup/doi/10.1525/bio.2011.61.3.6https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/61/3/203/238162/Soundscape-Ecology-The-Science-of-Sound-in-the