@article {48153,
	title = {Cues for acoustic detection of prey: insect rustling sounds and the influence of walking substrate},
	journal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},
	volume = {211},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Jan-09-2008},
	pages = {2799 - 2806},
	abstract = {<p>When insects walk, they generally produce sounds. These can reveal the walkers\&$\#$39; presence and location to potential predators such as owls, bats and nocturnal primates. Additionally, predators might extract information on taxon, palatability, size or profitability from the rustling sounds. In contrast to ear morphology, hearing physiology and psychoacoustics of acoustically oriented predators, little attention has hitherto been paid to the acoustic structure and information content of prey sounds. An important element in the ecology of acoustic prey detection remained virtually unexplored: the influence of the substrate type on rustling sounds. In this study, we analysed amplitude and frequency parameters from insects walking on various natural substrates, in both Germany (Carabus beetles) and Madagascar (various beetles and cockroaches). The data show that rustling sound amplitude and frequency content depend on substrate type. On moist substrates arthropods produced less intense and less broadband rustling sounds than on dry substrates. Sound pressure level was reduced by about 6 dB, halving the detection range for the predator. For a given insect, rustling sound amplitude increased with walking speed. Finally, we found that the previously established correlation of arthropod size and rustling amplitude holds across multiple substrates. Based on these data, we provide for the first time estimates of realistic detection distances in the field. These distances range from below 1 m to over 13 m, depending on the substrate, insect mass, walking speed and background noise level. These estimates are crucial for an understanding of the foraging ecology, foraging efficiency and sensory ecology of acoustic predators.</p>
},
	keywords = {auditory, detection distance, foraging, hearing, prey detection, sensory ecology},
	issn = {0022-0949},
	doi = {10.1242/jeb.019596},
	url = {http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.019596https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1242/jeb.019596},
	author = {Goerlitz, H. R. and Greif, S. and Siemers, B. M.}
}
@article {48148,
	title = {Global warming alters sound transmission: differential impact on the prey detection ability of echolocating bats},
	journal = {Journal of The Royal Society Interface},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2013},
	month = {Feb-07-20132184},
	abstract = {<p>Climate change impacts the biogeography and phenology of plants and ani- mals, yet the underlying mechanisms are little known. Here, we present a functional link between rising temperature and the prey detection ability of echolocating bats. The maximum distance for echo-based prey detection is physically determined by sound attenuation. Attenuation is more pronoun- ced for high-frequency sound, such as echolocation, and is a nonlinear function of both call frequency and ambient temperature. Hence, the prey detection ability, and thus possibly the foraging efficiency, of echolocating bats and susceptible to rising temperatures through climate change. Using present-day climate data and projected temperature rises, we modelled this effect for the entire range of bat call frequencies and climate zones around the globe. We show that depending on call frequency, the prey detection volume of bats will either decrease or increase: species calling above a cross- over frequency will lose and species emitting lower frequencies will gain prey detection volume, with crossover frequency and magnitude depending on the local climatic conditions. Within local species assemblages, this may cause a change in community composition. Global warming can thus directly affect the prey detection ability of individual bats and indirectly their interspecific interactions with competitors and prey.</p>
},
	keywords = {echolocation, foraging, global warming, sensory ecology, species interactions},
	issn = {1742-5689},
	doi = {10.1098/rsif.2013.0961},
	url = {http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/doi/10.1098/rsif.2013.0961https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1098/rsif.2013.0961},
	author = {Luo, J. and Koselj, K. and Zsebok, S. and Siemers, B. M. and Goerlitz, H. R.}
}
