02589nas a2200253   4500008004100000022001400041245009400055210006900149260002000218300001600238490000800254520170300262653003501965653003602000653001902036653003302055653002002088100002502108700002102133700002202154700002202176700001702198856012002215       2013                        eng d  a0022-094900aThe simple ears of noctuoid moths are tuned to the calls of their sympatric bat community0 asimple ears of noctuoid moths are tuned to the calls of their sy  cFeb-04-20132149  a3954 - 39620 v2163 a<p>nsects with bat-detecting ears are ideal animals for investigating sensory system adaptations to predator cues. Noctuid moths have two auditory receptors (A1 and A2) sensitive to the ultrasonic echolocation calls of insectivorous bats. Larger moths are detected at greater distances by bats than smaller moths. Larger moths also have lower A1 best thresholds, allowing them to detect bats at greater distances and possibly compensating for their increased conspicuousness. Interestingly, the sound frequency at the lowest threshold is lower in larger than in smaller moths, suggesting that the relationship between threshold and size might vary across frequencies used by different bat species. Here, we demonstrate that the relationships between threshold and size in moths were only significant at some frequencies, and these frequencies differed between three locations (UK, Canada and Denmark). The relationships were more likely to be significant at call frequencies used by proportionately more bat species in the moths&#39; specific bat community, suggesting an association between the tuning of moth ears and the cues provided by sympatric predators. Additionally, we found that the best threshold and best frequency of the less sensitive A2 receptor are also related to size, and that these relationships hold when controlling for evolutionary relationships. The slopes of best threshold versus size differ, however, such that the difference in threshold between A1 and A2 is greater for larger than for smaller moths. The shorter time from A1 to A2 excitation in smaller than in larger moths could potentially compensate for shorter absolute detection distances in smaller moths.</p>
10aallotonic frequency hypothesis10aconstant-frequency echolocation10ahorseshoe bats10apredator–prey interactions10asensory ecology1 aHofstede, H., M. ter1 aGoerlitz, H., R.1 aRatcliffe, J., M.1 aHolderied, M., W.1 aSurlykke, A.  uhttp://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.093294https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1242/jeb.09329402009nas a2200205   4500008004100000022001400041245011700055210006900172260001600241300001400257490000800271520132200279653001401601653001701615653003301632653001501665100001601680700002201696856008501718       2017                        eng d  a0024-406600aHearing sensitivity is more relevant to acoustic conspicuousness than to mechanical constraints in crambid moths0 aHearing sensitivity is more relevant to acoustic conspicuousness  cMay-08-2017  a174 - 1840 v1213 a<p>Moths evolved tympanal hearing organs to detect the echolocation calls of predatory bats. Moths&rsquo; auditory responses have been examined mainly for their sensitivity to the frequencies of bat cries: tympanate moths are basically tuned to the call frequencies of sympatric bats. Here, we add the finding that hearing sensitivity to &lsquo;pulse duration&rsquo; in cram- bid moths is also affected by predation pressure from echolocating bats. Analysis of interspecific variation showed that minimum auditory thresholds had a significantly negative relationship with the forewing surface area, that is, acoustic conspicuousness to bat sonar, but no relationship with head width, which was assumed to correlate with tympanal organ size. Auditory thresholds increased as pulses shortened in the 1&ndash;10 ms duration range, and conspic- uous moths with larger wing areas had lower thresholds than smaller moths. By contrast, &lsquo;intraspecific&rsquo; variation, within a single population of the lurcerne moth, revealed no relationship between forewing area and any auditory characteristics. Moth hearing adapts to the echolocation pulse duration of sympatric bat communities, suggesting that evolutionary modification of hearing sensitivity is related to acoustic conspicuousness based on moth wing area.</p>
10aarms race10aecholocation10apredator–prey interactions10aultrasound1 aNakano, Ryo1 aMason, Andrew, C.  uhttps://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/biolinnean/blw029