01880nas a2200157 4500008004100000245010300041210006900144300001200213490000800225520133500233100003101568700002801599700002401627700002501651856004601676 2018 eng d00aWeapon allometry and phenotypic correlation in the New Zealand sheetweb spider Cambridgea plagiata0 aWeapon allometry and phenotypic correlation in the New Zealand s a349-3590 v1263 a

Sexual selection has repeatedly driven the evolution of exaggerated secondary sexual traits in male animals. When multiple traits are used in competitive contexts, producing or bearing one trait may be costly and come at the expense of other traits via trade-offs. Conversely, sexually selected traits may show positively correlated patterns of relative investment. Males of the sheetweb spider, Cambridgea plagiata, have exaggerated chelicerae and use their chelicerae and forelegs in male–male contest behaviour. In the present study, we describe the linear scaling relationship of the chelicerae and forelegs of both males and females. Chelicerae length was positively allometric for males, but not for females, whereas fore-tibiae and fore-femora showed a slightly negative allometric relationship for both sexes. We found no evidence of a trade-off between the length of tibiae and femora with chelicerae length when comparing simple phenotypic correlations. Rather, the length of the tibia and femur, relative to body size, both increased when compared with relative chelicerae length, indicating that these traits might be under correlational selection. This suggests that larger chelicerae and forelegs are advantageous to males and that when resources are available, males will invest in both these traits.

1 aMcCambridge, Josephine, E.1 aPainting, Christina, J.1 aWalker, Leilani, A.1 aHolwell, Gregory, I. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/zh-hant/node/5843602200nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001400041245012500055210006900180260001600249520138400265653001801649653002401667653002001691653001001711653001401721100002601735700002101761700002101782700002301803700001801826700002001844856009401864 2018 eng d a0024-406600aRapid divergence of courtship song in the face of neutral genetic homogeneity in the cactophilic fly Drosophila buzzatii0 aRapid divergence of courtship song in the face of neutral geneti cJan-08-20193 a

A wide spectrum of song complexity has been documented in a broad range of animal taxa. However, the underlying processes shaping acoustic differences are still poorly understood. Empirical and theoretical studies suggest that different song parameters may be subject to different tempos and modes of evolution, resulting in a complex combination of stabilizing and directional selection that change among populations and through time. Nonetheless, the contribution of genetic drift to acoustic divergence is largely unexplored. In this study, we used the QST–FST approach to investigate the relative role of selective and neutral processes in the evolution of courtship song in the cactophilic fly Drosophila buzzatii. We quantified variation in courtship song among 12 populations using flies reared under common-garden conditions. We found among-population divergence in courtship song parameters, but genetic homogeneity and no population structure. Using both mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite markers, we found evidence consistent with a role for directional selection causing song divergence. We discuss the statistical difficulties of detecting stabilizing selection as opposed to directional selection in our data. The role of song parameters in mate recognition and mate choice, and the role of sexual selection in song elaboration are also discussed.

10acommon-garden10adivergent selection10amicrosatellites10amtDNA10aQST–FST1 aIglesias, Patricia, P1 aSoto, Ignacio, M1 aSoto, Eduardo, M1 aCalderón, Luciano1 aHurtado, Juan1 aHasson, Esteban uhttps://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/advance-article/doi/10.1093/biolinnean/bly108/507311702027nas a2200217 4500008004100000022001400041245015600055210006900211260001600280520121300296100002401509700002901533700002301562700002201585700002301607700002301630700001801653700002101671700002301692856009401715 2018 eng d a0024-406600aGlobal song divergence in barn swallows (Hirundo rustica): exploring the roles of genetic, geographical and climatic distance in sympatry and allopatry0 aGlobal song divergence in barn swallows Hirundo rustica explorin cJul-03-20193 a

Divergence in acoustic signals plays an important role in the production and maintenance of biodiversity in numerous taxa. In this study, we assess patterns of acoustic divergence in geographically isolated and sympatric subspecies of barn swallows (Hirundo rustica), including analyses of whether song differentiation varies with geographical isolation, genetic distance and climatic distance. We provide the first description of geographical variation in song among five of six currently recognized barn swallow subspecies. Temporal traits describing terminal trills were the most distinct song traits among subspecies, adding to growing evidence that trills are important in speciation among many birds, insects and fish. Across a ~6000 km transect of Russia, acoustic distance was predicted by genetic and geographical distance, but not climatic distance. We also found no reproductive character displacement of song traits in a contact zone between H. r. rustica and H. r. tytleri. Based on patterns discovered in this study, we infer an important role of sexual selection, genetic and/or cultural drift in the gradual build-up of acoustic divergence, which is accelerated in small populations.

1 aWilkins, Matthew, R1 aScordato, Elizabeth, S C1 aSemenov, Georgy, A1 aKaraardiÇ, Hakan1 aShizuka, Daizaburo1 aRubtsov, Alexander1 aPap, Peter, L1 aShen, Sheng-Feng1 aSafran, Rebecca, J uhttps://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/advance-article/doi/10.1093/biolinnean/bly012/494352401844nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245010600055210006900161260001600230300001400246490000800260520131000268100002001578700002201598856006601620 2018 eng d a0024-406600aHornworm counterattacks: defensive strikes and sound production in response to invertebrate attackers0 aHornworm counterattacks defensive strikes and sound production i cMay-18-2018 a496 - 5050 v1233 a

Caterpillars (i.e. lepidopteran larvae) have evolved multiple defences against predators, with some large caterpillars showing aggressive defences (e.g. strikes and/or sound production). Although such behaviours can startle or warn vertebrate predators, defences against invertebrates remain unclear. We investigated the behavioural responses of the hornworm Langia zenzeroides (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) against the invertebrate attacker Calosoma maximowiczi (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Fifth (last) instars of L. zenzeroides exhibited a striking response, in which the larva rapidly bent its head and thorax towards the body part stimulated by C. maximowiczi attacks. Strikes were also accompanied by opening of the mandibles, followed by sound production or regurgitation. In some cases, L. zenzeroides larvae caught the legs of C. maximowiczi and threw the beetles using their mandibles. Such counterattacks completely defended against attackers. The sounds that L. zenzeroides generated (pulse durations, 82–314 ms; dominant frequencies, 5.0–8.7 kHz; sound pressure level, 44.0–56.9 dB SPL) were produced by forcing air through the eighth pair of abdominal spiracles. Our results indicate that hornworm larvae are able to deter predacious invertebrates using multiple defences.

1 aSugiura, Shinji1 aTakanashi, Takuma uhttps://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/article/123/3/496/485069202101nas a2200181 4500008004100000022001400041245016200055210006900217260001600286520134800302653002701650653002101677653002101698653001501719100002401734700002701758856013401785 2017 eng d a0024-406600aSubspecies-specific song preferences and diverged heterospecific discrimination in females of the bush-cricket Isophya kraussii (Orthoptera: Phaneropterinae)0 aSubspeciesspecific song preferences and diverged heterospecific  cSep-09-20173 a

Divergence of the acoustic signals used in mate calling may be an important driver of speciation. Male song may vary accordingly to, in mismatch with or independently of female preferences. Therefore, to estimate the importance of male signal variation between subspecies, female preferences against subspecies-specific signal variants must be tested. We examined the female response probability in the two subspecies of the bush-cricket Isophya kraussii for consubspecific and heterosubspecific male signals, and also for the song of a closely related species (I. camptoxypha), which is sympatric with one, but allopatric to the other subspecies. Performing no-choice playback experiments, we found that females of both subspecies responded to the male song of their own subspecies with significantly higher probability than to heterosubspecific and heterospecific songs. Response specificity for consubspecific vs. heterosubspecific signals was not significantly asymmetric comparing the two subspecies. A significant difference was found, however, in the discrimination of heterospecific calls: females showed stronger discrimination against the song of I. camptoxypha in the subspecies sympatric with that species. Our results are best explained by a tightly covarying, stepwise coevolution of male signals and female preferences.

10aacoustic communication10amate recognition10asignal evolution10aspeciation1 aOrci, Kirill, Márk1 aIorgu, Ionuț, Ștefan uhttp://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/article/doi/10.1093/biolinnean/blx094/4110201/Subspeciesspecific-song-preferences-and-diverged01956nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245004800055210004800103260001600151520144000167100002801607700002601635700002001661856012901681 2017 eng d a0024-406600aEvolution of synchronies in insect choruses0 aEvolution of synchronies in insect choruses cFeb-09-20173 a

In many acoustic insects, neighbouring males adjust their calling rhythms and broadcast a temporally structured chorus ranging from an irregular mixture of alternation and synchrony to a nearly perfect synchrony wherein most males sing in unison. Irregular synchrony can arise where females ignore calls that follow a neighbour’s call by a brief delay, a perception that selects for competitive male adjustments to calling rhythm that increase leading calls and ultimately yield alternation and synchrony. Such chorusing emerges as an incidental property, and the collective temporal structure may have little significance for females and males. More perfect synchronies are expected where females must perceive distinct sound envelopes before approaching a chorus or a given male. Here, selection will favour cooperative male adjustments by which neighbours align their calls, as any male who does not adjust would reduce the group’s attractiveness and therefore his own. We tested these expectations in two sympatric bushcrickets, Ephippiger diurnus and Sorapagus catalaunicus, that exhibit irregular and more perfect synchrony, respectively. We found, however, that females in both species prefer leading calls and must hear distinct sound envelopes. We infer that fundamental differences in perception and singing influence the relative importance of competition and cooperation, producing the two synchronies.

1 aGreenfield, Michael, D.1 aMarin-Cudraz, Thibaut1 aParty, Virginie uhttp://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/article/doi/10.1093/biolinnean/blx096/4103004/Evolution-of-synchronies-in-insect-choruses02434nas a2200241 4500008004100000245011600041210006900157260001600226300001400242490000800256520148900264653002001753653001801773653001401791653001601805653002301821653001801844653002201862653002201884100002201906700002101928856024301949 2010 eng d00aLong-distance signals influence assessment of close range mating displays in the field cricket, Gryllus integer0 aLongdistance signals influence assessment of close range mating  cJan-08-2010 a856 - 8650 v1003 a

Male sexual displays often include components detected across long distances, and those perceived only at close range. Understanding what information females gain from each component of a complex display and how they use these signals to make decisions are questions of major interest in sexual selection research. We evaluated content-based hypotheses (‘redundant signals’ and ‘multiple messages’) for the courtship displays of field crickets (Gryllus integer) by measuring female responses to males’ long-distance calling song (calls) and close-range chemical cues. Females’ responses to a male’s calls and chemical cues were uncorrelated, supporting the ‘multiple messages’ hypothesis. We also tested the ‘inter-signal interaction’ hypothesis by investigating how long-distance calls influence evaluation of close-range courtship. The relationship between long- and close-range signals was complex and conditional: females accepted close-range courtship more quickly after exposure to attractive calling song than they did after exposure to either unattractive calling song or silence, and unattractive calls were no more or less effective than silence. This inter-signal interaction could affect our understanding of mate choice in species with multiple mating signals because it implies that females may save time and energy by not assessing the close-range signals of attractive long-distance signalers.

10aacoustic signal10achemical cues10acourtship10amate choice10amultimodal signals10amultiple cues10amultiple messages10aredundant signals1 aLeonard, Anne, S.1 aHedrick, Ann, V. uhttp://blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/bij.2010.100.issue-4https://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01472.xhttps://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8312.2010.01472.x02009nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001400041245011700055210006900172260001600241300001400257490000800271520132200279653001401601653001701615653003301632653001501665100001601680700002201696856008501718 2017 eng d a0024-406600aHearing sensitivity is more relevant to acoustic conspicuousness than to mechanical constraints in crambid moths0 aHearing sensitivity is more relevant to acoustic conspicuousness cMay-08-2017 a174 - 1840 v1213 a

Moths evolved tympanal hearing organs to detect the echolocation calls of predatory bats. Moths’ auditory responses have been examined mainly for their sensitivity to the frequencies of bat cries: tympanate moths are basically tuned to the call frequencies of sympatric bats. Here, we add the finding that hearing sensitivity to ‘pulse duration’ in cram- bid moths is also affected by predation pressure from echolocating bats. Analysis of interspecific variation showed that minimum auditory thresholds had a significantly negative relationship with the forewing surface area, that is, acoustic conspicuousness to bat sonar, but no relationship with head width, which was assumed to correlate with tympanal organ size. Auditory thresholds increased as pulses shortened in the 1–10 ms duration range, and conspic- uous moths with larger wing areas had lower thresholds than smaller moths. By contrast, ‘intraspecific’ variation, within a single population of the lurcerne moth, revealed no relationship between forewing area and any auditory characteristics. Moth hearing adapts to the echolocation pulse duration of sympatric bat communities, suggesting that evolutionary modification of hearing sensitivity is related to acoustic conspicuousness based on moth wing area.

10aarms race10aecholocation10apredator–prey interactions10aultrasound1 aNakano, Ryo1 aMason, Andrew, C. uhttps://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/biolinnean/blw02901879nas a2200205 4500008004100000245015300041210006900194260001600263300001400279490000800293520101800301653001701319653001501336653001001351653002601361653001501387653002201402100002201424856022701446 2010 eng d00aClinal variation explains taxonomic discrepancy in the calling songs of shield-back katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae: Aglaothorax)0 aClinal variation explains taxonomic discrepancy in the calling s cJan-12-2010 a910 - 9210 v1013 a

Understanding the relationship between mating trait evolution and speciation requires data from a variety of taxa. I analysed the calling songs of the shield-back katydid genus Aglaothorax, which represents a little-known lineage of acoustic insects. Field-collected males of all described species and most subspecies were recorded under controlled laboratory conditions. Discriminant analysis was 90.5% successful in separating song types, but the song types thus delineated did not correspond to currently recognized taxa as defined by morphology. The discrepancy is caused by two species, Aglaothorax morsei and Aglaothorax longipennis, the songs of which vary in a cline across the Transverse Ranges and the Los Angeles Basin of southern California. From west to east, pulse rate and duty cycle decrease and interpulse interval increases. Selection for species recognition at a contact zone, sexual selection and interactions between signals and the environment are considered as causes of the cline.

10abioacoustics10aCalifornia10acline10adiscriminant analysis10aspeciation10atransverse ranges1 aCole, Jeffrey, A. uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/bij.2010.101.issue-4https://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01532.xhttps://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8312.2010.01532.x