01063nas a2200097 4500008004100000245006500041210006400106520063400170100001700804856014400821 1981 eng d00aAlternative Male Strategies: Genetic Differences in Crickets0 aAlternative Male Strategies Genetic Differences in Crickets3 a

Male field crickets, Gryllus integer, call and attract mates, or they silently intercept females attracted to calling males. Selection experiments demonstrate that the duration of nightly calling has an important genetic component. Mean calling times in high and low lines were significantly different and had realized heritabilities of 0.50 and 0.53, respectively. Selection can operate in such a way that each of the alternative forms of male reproductive behavior is associated with a specific genetic substrate. This has not yet been shown for other species in which males adopt contrasting modes of mating behavior.

1 aCADE, W., H. uhttps://www.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.212.4494.563https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1126/science.212.4494.56301288nas a2200133 4500008004100000245007000041210006700111520083800178100002101016700002301037700002301060700002301083856004801106 1981 eng d00aAn experimental investigation of the bioacoustics of cowbird song0 aexperimental investigation of the bioacoustics of cowbird song3 a

Female cowbirds (Molothrus ater ater), maintained in isolation from males during the breeding season, respond to the playback of male song with copulatory postures. They respond to some songs more than to others. Cowbird song potency can thus be operationally defined by the proportion of copulatory postures a song elicits across multiple playbacks. The purpose of the present study was to explore whether song potency changes with distance in the field. No field recordings elicited high levels of responding by the females. When songs of known high potency are systematically degraded, the results indicate that female cowbirds are sensitive to small changes in signal to noise ratio and to atmospheric attenuation. The data suggest that cowbird song potency degrades very rapidly with transmission distance in the field.

1 aKing, Andrew, P.1 aWest, Meredith, J.1 aEastzer, David, H.1 aStaddon, J., E. R. uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF0030294001066nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245006600055210006400121260001600185300001000201490000800211520063400219100002100853856004600874 1981 eng d a0036-807500aAlternative male strategies: genetic differences in crickets.0 aAlternative male strategies genetic differences in crickets c1981 May 01 a563-40 v2123 a

Male field crickets, Gryllus integer, call and attract mates, or they silently intercept females attracted to calling males. Selection experiments demonstrate that the duration of nightly calling has an important genetic component. Mean calling times in high and low lines were significantly different and had realized heritabilities of 0.50 and 0.53, respectively. Selection can operate in such a way that each of the alternative forms of male reproductive behavior is associated with a specific genetic substrate. This has not yet been shown for other species in which males adopt contrasting modes of mating behavior.

1 aCade, William H. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/zh-hant/node/5313102298nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001300041245015700054210006900211260001600280300000800296490000700304520176200311100002502073856005402098 1981 eng d a0021879000aSpatial Dynamics and Breeding Ecology in the Cicada Cystosoma saundersii: The Interaction Between Distributions of Resources and Intraspecific Behaviour0 aSpatial Dynamics and Breeding Ecology in the Cicada Cystosoma sa cJan-10-1981 a9250 v503 a

(1) The population dynamics of adults of Cystosoma saundersii are examined with special emphasis on the spatial dynamics of males and on the mating success associated with contrasting patterns of reproductive behaviour.

(2) More males spend longer periods on, and attract more females to, smaller bushes (<8 m3) than larger bushes (>8 m3).

(3) The spatial arrays of males are clumped independently of the distributions of the bushes from which they sing. Bushes were given relative weightings based on male preferences for different size classes of bushes. The inclusion of these weighting factors did not affect the above conclusion.

(4) Males who share bushes space out so that they are 1.0 to 1.5 m apart.

(5) The spatial arrays of males were found to depend, to a certain extent, on the distribution of males on the previous night.

(6) Females select males only on the basis of their acoustic displays. The most successful males at obtaining matings were those which appeared to enhance the propagation of their songs by adopting several behavioural strategies. These strategies include the selection of smaller bushes; singing at a height which is maximally efficient for transmitting their song frequency; and by singing in close proximity to other males. Males occurred in pairs, trios and other multiples in bushes more frequently than would be expected in random distributions. Such males attract more females per capita than do isolated males.

(7) The probability of attracting a female is independent of the amount of time a male has already been singing. Thus the most successful males are those which adopt the patterns of behaviour outlined above for the longest time (2-3 weeks).

1 aNally, Ralph, C. Mac uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/4147?origin=crossref02970nas a2200241 4500008004100000245011800041210006900159300001400228490000600242520224000248653001602488653001502504653002402519653001202543653002002555653001802575653001702593653002002610653001202630653001902642100002102661856004602682 1981 eng d00aMale spacing and the influence of female courtship behaviour in the bladder cicada, Cystosoma saundersii Westwood0 aMale spacing and the influence of female courtship behaviour in  a269–2760 v93 a

1. Experimental choruses of males of Cystosoma saundersii with manipulated densities -12 times that usually found in bushes of the same size were set up and compared with choruses with natural densities of males. Greater numbers of both males and females were attracted to the louder, denser choruses.

2. There were higher rates of dispersal away from and movements within the experimental choruses than those found at natural densities. This indicated some form of repulsion occurring between males in close proximity.

3. Playback experiments to calling males in the field showed that males would stop singing and move away in response to high intensities of a conspecific calling song. The intensities eliciting this reaction cor- responded to a conspecific male singing at separations of less than or equal to 0.5 m. Aggression between males or aggressive songs have not been observed.

4. Females fly in to the chorus and alight generally within 0.5 m of the male of their choice. They then produce a pheromone which they disperse by wing-flicking. The rate of wing-flicking was used as a quan- titative measure of the willingness of a female to mate.

5. Twice as many females were attracted to higher densities of males than to natural densities. However, in the experimental situation, the probability of an attracted female actually mating was half that occur- ring in natural densities. This appeared to be due to an inhibition of the female wing-flicking behaviour.

6. Playback experiments showed that females will respond by wing-flicking to a male only when his song is at least 9 dB louder than that of his nearest neighbour (when the sound pressure levels of the sources are measured separately at the position of the female). Using this figure as a threshold, volumes in which females would respond were calculated for males with a series of nearest-neighbour distances. At the average separation found between males sharing bushes in the field, the volume in which a female would respond covered most of the volume in which a female is likely to land. Thus, the discriminating capabilities of the female were shown to govern the minimum separation occurring between males.

10aAggregation10aamphibians10aanimal vocalization10aCicadas10aInsect behavior10aInsect sounds10aLoudspeakers10amating behavior10aSinging10aSound pressure1 aDoolan, Jane, M. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/zh-hant/node/5312301762nas a2200121 4500008004100000245003800041210003800079300001000117490000800127520143900135100002001574856004601594 1981 eng d00aUltraljud hos svenska vårtbitare0 aUltraljud hos svenska vårtbitare a27-410 v1023 a

Of the 10 Swedish species of bush crickets 9 stridulate with their elytra. The author recorded the songs of these species in their natural habitats, using instrumentation tape recorder and ultrasonic detectors. Song rhythm patterms and frequencies are presented for each species with comments on the ultrasonic components, audibility as a distance in the field with and without detectors etc. For 8 of the 9 stridulating species detectors seem to be necessary for efficient survey work and population studies in the field.

In 5 species differences found between the songs used in daytime and at night were analysed and discussed. The most important differences were found in species singing close to the ground (Platycleis denticulata, Metrioptera brachyptera, M. bicolor), whereas no corresponding difference was found in species singing from trees or high busghes (Tettigonia viridissima, Leptophyes punctatissima). The very intense songs heard at night have distinct and discrete tooth-pulses, while corresponding songs in daytime contain continuous sound waves and less conspicuous tooth-pulses in the file pulse-train. It is suggested taht this phenomenon could be something more than a mere influence of temperature on song rhythym. They could be adaptations to more efficient spread of sound waves under the acoustical conditions taht prevail above ground at night.

1 aAhlén, Ingemar uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/zh-hant/node/1724502478nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001400041245019100055210006900246260000900315300001100324490000800335520170100343653001202044653002202056653002402078653001102102653001202113653000902125653002102134653001502155100002002170856004602190 1981 eng d a0302-766X00aStructure of the auditory system of the weta Hemideina crassidens (Blanchard, 1851). (Orthoptera, Ensifera, Gryllacridoidea, Stenopelmatidae). 2. Ultrastructure of the auditory sensilla.0 aStructure of the auditory system of the weta Hemideina crassiden c1981 a345-590 v2173 a

This study of the ultrastructure of the auditory sensilla of the New Zealand weta, Hemideina crassidens, is the first such study on a member of the orthopteran Superfamily Gryllacridoidea. Ultrastructure of the auditory sensilla is similar in all of the tibial mechanosensory organs, here called subgenual organ, intermediate organ and crista acoustica by analogy with comparable structures in Tettigoniidae. Distal to each sensory soma is a dendrite containing multiple ciliary rootlets that fuse into a single ciliary root. This splits into nine root processes that pass around the outside of the proximal basal body and then rejoin at the level of the distal basal body, distal to which the dendrite has a modified ciliary structure with a circlet of nine peripheral paired tubes and rods as it passes through the proximal extracellular space. It is then enclosed by a zone of scolopale cell cytoplasm before expanding into a dilatation within the distal extracellular space. In some sensilla this space is partially occluded by electron dense material which is part of the scolopale cell. Distal to the dilatation the cilium shrinks and ends surrounded by the scolopale cap. Accessory cells consist of glia enwrapping the sensory neuron in the region of its soma, the scolopale cell surrouinding the ciliary portion of the dendrite, and the attachment cell surrounding the scolopale cell and scolopale cap and connected to them by desmosomes. The attachment cells are filled with microtubules in differing densities and orientations. Lamellae are present in the acellular matrix surrounding the attachment cells. Banded fibres, presumably of collagen, are also present in the matrix.

10aAnimals10aAuditory Pathways10aelectron microscopy10afemale10ahearing10amale10amechanoreceptors10aOrthoptera1 aBall, Eldon, E. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/zh-hant/node/1722702437nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001400041245018200055210006900237260000900306300001100315490000800326520166800334653001202002653001102014653001202025653000902037653001502046653002402061653002802085100002002113700001602133856004602149 1981 eng d a0302-766X00aStructure of the auditory system of the weta Hemideina crassidens (blanchard, 1851) (Orthoptera, Ensifera, Gryllacridoidea, Stenopelmatidae). 1. Morphology and histology.0 aStructure of the auditory system of the weta iHemideina crasside c1981 a321-430 v2173 a

The morphology and histology of the tibial auditory system of the New Zealand weta, Hemideina crassidens, are described. The groups of acoustic sensilla conform closely to the subgenual organ, intermediate organ and crista acoustica of the Tettigoniidae. Each prothoracic tibia bears two thick (40-100 micrometers) tympana of approximately equal size divided into two distinct zones. The tracheae of the prothoracic legs are connected across the midline by a transverse commissure and by a chiasma between the ventral longitudinal trunks. No expanded vesicle ("vesicula acoustica") is associated with the spiracle. The anterior and posterior tracheae are divided into three distinct regions within the tibia: (1) a bulbous proximal posterior inflated chamber, (2) the tympanal vesicles to which the tympana attach, and (3) an elongate distal posterior inflated chamber. The pattern of innervation in the tympanal region is similar to that of gryllids as is the central projection of the tympanal nerve. The subgenual organ, which contains ca. 50 sensilla, forms an acute angle with the wall of the leg. The intermediate organ contains ca. 19 sensilla forming an arc against the anterior wall of the leg. The crista acoustica contains ca. 50 sensilla aligned in a gelatinous matrix along the dorsal surface of the anterior tympanal vesicle. Each dendrite projects distally, then is reflected proximally and dorsally to end in a scolopale embedded in an attachment cell. The attachment cells are stellate in the proximal portion of the crista, but distally they occur as parallel lamellae. The weta ear is compared with those of other Orthoptera.

10aAnimals10afemale10ahearing10amale10aOrthoptera10aspecies specificity10avestibulocochlear nerve1 aBall, Eldon, E.1 aField, L, H uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/zh-hant/node/1722600901nas a2200121 4500008004100000245009000041210006900131300001200200490000700212520049700219100001700716856004600733 1981 eng d00aOrientation of Southern Mole Cricket, Scapteriscus acletus, Landing at a Sound Source0 aOrientation of Southern Mole Cricket Scapteriscus acletus Landin a463-4680 v643 a

Mole crickets, Scapteriscus acletus, attracted to a synthetic male calling song, can use visual cues as they end their flight. The insects landed significantly (P<0.001) more often on stripes than on a contrasting background. The visual form of the stimulus was more important in attracting mole crickets than the contour (perigrammotaxis) or the low reflectance (scototaxis) of the patterns. In windy weather the proportion of crickets landing on top of the sound source is less.

1 aBeugnon, Guy uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/zh-hant/node/1721900386nas a2200109 4500008004100000245009000041210006900131300001200200490000700212100002100219856003600240 1981 eng d00aThe Acoustic Behaviour of Platycleis albopunctata (Goeze) (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae)0 aAcoustic Behaviour of Platycleis albopunctata Goeze Orthoptera T a182-2060 v761 aLatimer, William uhttp://jstor.org/stable/453409801156nas a2200169 4500008004100000022001300041245011000054210006900164260001600233300001400249490000700263520059900270100001800869700001700887700001600904856006600920 1981 eng d a0003347200aOn the functions of stridulation by the passalid beetle Odontotaenius disjunctus (Coleoptera: Passalidae)0 afunctions of stridulation by the passalid beetle Odontotaenius d cJan-05-1981 a483 - 4860 v293 aCrows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) are more hesitant to continue attacking and take longer to kill and eat stridulating passalid beetles (Odontotaenius disjunctus) than silenced beetles. This is an experimental demonstration of the deterrent capability of disturbance stridulation by an insect that has no active defences against the predator. Stridulation is not necessary for congregation by colony members. Silenced beetles congregate as effectively as controls. There is no evidence that the disturbance stridulation causes predictable responses in other colony members of this presocial beetle.1 aBuchler, E.R.1 aWright, T.B.1 aBrown, E.D. uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S000334728180108X