01406nas a2200121 4500008004100000245012400041210006900165520093100234100002201165700001801187700002301205856005601228 1996 eng d00aTemporal patterns of parasitoid fly ( Ormia ochracea) attraction to field cricket song ( Gryllus integer)0 aTemporal patterns of parasitoid fly iOrmia ochraceai attraction 3 a

Female flies, Ormia ochracea (Diptera, Tachinidae), orient to the calling song of the field cricket Gryllus integer (Orthoptera, Gryllidae) and deposit larvae that burrow into and consume the cricket host. Selection pressure from O. ochracea has probably been important in the evolution of male cricket songs and mating behaviour in G. integer and other cricket species. Tape-recorded G. integer calling song was broadcast to study the temporal rate of attraction of O. ochracea. Flies became phonotactic to cricket song approximately at sunset, and the highest level of attraction was observed in the following hours of the evening. Fly phonotaxis decreased in the hours immediately preceding sunrise and no flies were attracted during daylight hours. More male G. integer call at sunrise and in the preceding hours than earlier in the evening, perhaps in response to the lower probability of attracting O. ochracea.

1 aCade, William, H.1 aCiceran, Mark1 aMurray, Anne-Marie uhttp://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/z96-04602798nas a2200241 4500008004100000022001400041245006300055210005900118260001600177300001300193490000600206520211400212653001702326653001102343653001602354653001802370653001502388653002102403100001702424700002502441700002102466856006902487 1996 eng d a0952-462200aTHE MECHANISM OF TUNING OF THE MOLE CRICKET SINGING BURROW0 aMECHANISM OF TUNING OF THE MOLE CRICKET SINGING BURROW cJan-01-1996 a81 - 1170 v73 a

1. Experimental and theoretical studies on the acoustics of the singing burrow of the mole cricket Gryllotalpa australis are reported.


2. The burrow typically consists of a bulb about 26 mm long and 20 mm in diameter, connected through a constriction of diameter about 10 mm to a flaring horn with length about 40 mm and equivalent mouth diameter about 34 mm. The mouth geometry of the burrow differs from one species to another, and the aperture may be either single, double or even multiple. The end of the bulb opposite the horn connects to a narrow exit tunnei of diameter about 8 mm and length up to 1 m. The singing cricket positions itself close to the constriction between the bulb and the horn and produces a song with a frequency around 2.5 kHz.


3. Measurements of sound pressure within the burrow when it is excited by an external sound source at the song frequency show a pressure minimum at the constriction and an amplitude and phase distribution that is consistent with resonance of the burrow at its second modal frequency. The burrow is approximately three-quarters of a wavelength long at this frequency. The same result is obtained when the burrow is excited by a dipole source located near the constriction.


4. Non-parametric model calculations confirm this conclusion and also give broad agreement with the measured response curves over a frequency range from about 1.5 to 5 kHz. The calculated curves indicate an additional resonance at about 1.2 kHz associated with the first mode of the burrow—the Helmholtz or Klipsch resonance—which is apparently not utilised by the insect. This detail is consistent with earlier measurements, and is also supported by measured responses reported here that show an increase in sound pressure with decreasing frequency below 2 kHz as predicted by the model.


5. The measured performance of the burrow is broadly consistent with the model. According to the model, the burrow geometry is close to optimal for maximal sound power radiation.

10abioacoustics10aburrow10aGryllotalpa10amole crickets10aresonators10asound production1 aDAWS, A., G.1 aBennet-Clark, H., C.1 aFLETCHER, N., H. uhttp://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09524622.1996.975332100524nas a2200133 4500008004100000022001400041245015100055210006900206260001600275300001200291490000800303100002600311856005300337 1996 eng d a0362-252500aUnusual abdomino-alary, defensive stridulatory mechanism in the bushcricketPantecphylus cerambycinus (Orthoptera, Tettigonioidea, Pseudophyllidae)0 aUnusual abdominoalary defensive stridulatory mechanism in the bu cJan-01-1996 a81 - 860 v2271 aHeller, Klaus-Gerhard uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/%28ISSN%291097-468701823nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245010600055210006900161260001600230300001400246490000600260520130900266100002401575856007801599 1996 eng d a1045-224900aConvergent song preferences between female field crickets and acoustically orienting parasitoid flies0 aConvergent song preferences between female field crickets and ac cJan-01-1996 a279 - 2850 v73 a

Traits that increase the attractiveness of males to females often make them more conspicuous to predators. In the field cricket (Gryllus lineaticeps), males are attacked by parasitoid tachinid flies (Ormia ochracea) that locate males through their calls. Female flies larviposit on crickets and the larvae burrow into and feed on the cricket, killing the cricket upon emergence. To determine whether traits preferred by females increase a male's risk of attracting a predator, I examined the effect of variation in male singing behavior on mate and predator attraction. Both female crickets and female flies preferred male calling songs with higher chirp rates, longer chirp durations, and higher chirp amplitudes. In addition, both female crickets and female flies preferred male calling songs with higher chirp rates and longer chirp durations, even when these songs were of lower amplitude. These results suggest that sexual selection by female choice will favor the evolution of higher chirp rates and longer chirp durations. However, call types that increase a male's attractiveness to females also appear to increase a male's risk of attracting parasitoids. Sexual and natural selection appear to have opposing effects on the evolution of male singing behavior in this species.

1 aWagner, William, E. uhttps://academic.oup.com/beheco/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/beheco/7.3.27901127nas a2200109 4500008004100000245017200041210006900213300001400282520066200296100001300958856004600971 1996 eng d00aSong, sex and synonymy: the palaearctic genus Acrida Linnaeus (Orthoptera, Acrididae, Acridinae) and synonymy of the subfamily Truxalinae under the subfamily Acridinae0 aSong sex and synonymy the palaearctic genus Acrida Linnaeus Orth a125–1293 a

The subfamilies Truxalinae and Acridinae are discussed. Acrida maxima Karny 1907 restored to species status from synonymy under Acrida turrita (L. 1758). The subfamily Truxalinae cannot be sustained as a separate taxon and is synonymised under the subfamily Acridinae since on grounds of male epiphallic morphology, femoral stridulatory apparatus and wing venation there is no means of clearly differentiating it from the Acridinae. The decision is supported by examples of functional anatomy from Chromotruxalis Dirsh 1951, Acrida Linnaeus 1758, Truxalis Fabricius 1775, Truxaloides Dirsh 1951, Acridarachnea I.Bolivar 1908, and Chromacrida Dirsh.

1 aJago, ND uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/zh-hant/node/5070901445nas a2200133 4500008004100000245011900041210006900160300001200229490000800241520097300249100002201222700002101244856004601265 1996 eng d00aSound production and cannibalism in larvae of the pine-sawyer beetle Monochamus sutor L.(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)0 aSound production and cannibalism in larvae of the pinesawyer bee a29–330 v1173 a

One-year old larvae of the pine-sawyer beetle, Monochamus sutor L. (Coleoptera: Ceram­ bycidae), produced regular, chirping sounds, easily heard up to 10 meters away. Larvae were positioned within their hibernation tunnel in sapwood of recently fire-killed spruce and pine trees. Their heads were directed outwards, and the sound was probably produced by the scratching of their mandibles against the bark. Since the larvae produce this sound in spite of the risk of attracting parasites and predators such as wood-peckers, this behaviour most likely has an adaptive value. We suggest that sound production helps a larva to secure resources around its hibernation tunnel for its own development by keeping away other potentially competitive larvae. That the larvae are cannibalistic was demonstrated during a trial perfor­ med in petri dishes filled with sawdust. Any larva ignoring the sound signal could therefore face a real threat of being killed.

1 aVictorsson, Jonas1 aWikars, Lars-Ove uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/zh-hant/node/4771302304nas a2200121 4500008004100000245012100041210006900162300001200231490000700243520167100250100002601921856023501947 1996 eng d00aEcholocation and body size in insectivorous bats: the case of the giant naked bat Cheiromeles torquatus (Molossidae)0 aEcholocation and body size in insectivorous bats the case of the a27–380 v113 a

Recent hypotheses propose that the maximum size of aerial insectivorous bats is limited by properties of their echolocation system. According to these hypotheses large bats would (A) have to use low call frequencies which may only allow the detection of large prey. However, large prey may be too scarce to meet a large bat’s energy requirements. Large bats would (B) have low wing beat frequencies and due to energetic reasons also low call repetition rates. These low call repetition rates, however, many not be sufficient for prey detection. Both hypotheses were tested by analysing the echolocation behaviour of Cheiromeles torquatus (150-200g), the largest aerial insectivorous bat.

Cheriomeles searches for prey by alternating calls with the lowest frequencies at 20 and 28 kHz (call duration 30 and 24 ms respectively) at a repetition rate of 6.3Hz, and a duty cycle of 18%. The data are discussed in relation to the foraging behaviour of Cheiromeles.

The call parameters of Cheiromeles are far removed from predictions made in both models When the data of Cheiromeles and some other large bats are included in an allometric version of model (A) the prediction of the model changes distinctly indicating that call frequency might only be a weak constraint on body size, if at all. Call repetition rate seems to be correlated to call frequency and not directly to body size as is assumed in model (B). In nay case, large bats have lower call repetition rates than wing beat rates and the difference increases with body size. Therefore other factors have to be sought to explain the size distribution of aerial insectivorous bats.

1 aHeller, Klaus-Gerhard uhttps://www.researchgate.net/profile/Klaus-Gerhard_Heller/publication/257655672_Echolocation_and_body_size_in_insectivorous_bats_the_case_of_the_giant_naked_bat_Cheiromeles_torquatus_(Molossidae)/links/0deec52b5d412785f3000000.pdf01743nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001300041245007800054210006900132260001600201300001400217490000700231520123200238100002501470700002401495856006601519 1996 eng d a0003347200aRecognition of courtship song in the field cricket,Teleogryllus oceanicus0 aRecognition of courtship song in the field cricketTeleogryllus o cJan-02-1996 a353 - 3660 v513 a

The courtship song of the cricket,Teleogryllus oceanicusplays an important role in inducing the female to mount the male, which is necessary for mating. The song consists of a short, amplitude-modulated chirp, followed by a long trill of constant intensity and high syllable rate. Using playback techniques, it was determined which physical parameters of courtship song are necessary and/or sufficient to evoke normal female mounting of muted, courting males. The higher harmonics of natural courtship song were neither necessary nor sufficient for the effectiveness of the song. The chirp component alone was sufficient to evoke normal levels of mounting, but the trill was only partially effective on its own. The conspicuous amplitude modulation of the chirp was not necessary to evoke normal responses. The results suggest that the high effectiveness of the chirp is due to its characteristic temporal pattern. As in other cricket species, the song repertoire ofT. oceanicusalso includes distinct calling and aggression songs, which contain chirps that are structurally similar to the courtship chirp. Both calling and aggression songs evoked normal mounting responses when played back in the context of courtship.

1 aBalakrishnan, Rohini1 aPollack, Gerald, S. uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S000334729690034203210nas a2200217 4500008004100000245008000041210006900121300001200190490000700202520252100209653001902730653001802749653001902767653001502786653001702801653001502818653001702833100001702850700001302867856011202880 1996 eng d00aElytro-tergal stridulation in weevils (Insecta: Coleoptera: Curculionoidea)0 aElytrotergal stridulation in weevils Insecta Coleoptera Curculio a703-7730 v303 aMany Curculionidae, Scolytidae and Platypodidae stridulate by rubbing a plectrum on tergite VII against a subapical file on the elytral underside. The file on the right elytron may be smaller than that on the left, or absent; on either elytron it usually comprises a series of parallel ridges. The plectrum generally consists of one or more pair of setiferous tubercles, although other structures are sometimes employed. This stridulatory system (‘type 1’) is found in members of 14 curculionid subfamilies and in Scolytidae. Platypodidae have a similar and probably homologous organ, although the morphology of the file differs somewhat from that found elsewhere and the plectrum is a simple flange. Within Curculionidae three other elytro-tergal stridulatory systems have been found. Firstly, in some Cossoninae and Molytinae, the file is a row of tubercles on tergite VII and the plectrum is a ridge on the elytron (‘type 2’); this is newly reported here. Secondly, females of Ithyporini, some Camptorhinini and some Cryptorhynchini have part of the wing binding patch on tergite VII modified to act as a file, with a plectrum on the elytra (‘type 3’). Thirdly, some Amycterinae have a file of ridges on tergite VII and a plectrum on the elytra (‘type 4’), apparently an autapomorphy of a restricted group of species. In addition, some Curculionidae have a plectrum on the hind femur and a file on the abdominal sternum (some Cryptorhynchinae) or elytron (some Otidocephalinae). Scolytidae have at least three other stridulatory organs: two on the head and one involving the elytra and sternum VIII. Some systematic conclusions are drawn: the clear homology of the type 1 structures in Scolytidae and the majority of the stridulating Curculionidae indicates that the Curculionidae is paraphyletic with respect to the Scolytidae; Scolytidae should therefore be treated as a subfamily of Curculionidae. The structure of the platypodid file and plectrum provide equivocal information and do not aid resolution of the phylogenetic placement of this family. Monophyly of some Ithyporini and Camptorhinini is suggested by the distribution of type 3, but there is insufficient evidence to demonstrate paraphyly of the Cryptorhynchini. The distribution of type 2 does not indicate monophyly of the Cossoninae and Molytinae since the structures in the two are almost certainly homoplastic. All known records of elytro-tergal stridulatory organs in the Scolytidae, Platypodidae and Curculionidae are listed.10aclassification10aCurculionidae10aCurculionoidea10amorphology10aPlatypodidae10aScolytidae10astridulation1 aLyal, C.H.C.1 aKing, T. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/zh-hant/content/elytro-tergal-stridulation-weevils-insecta-coleoptera-curculionoidea