02013nas a2200145 4500008004100000245011000041210006900151300001200220490000800232520152000240100002301760700002001783700001801803856004601821 2004 eng d00aTemporal Shifts in Conspicuousness: Mate Attraction Displays of the Texas Field Cricket, Gryllus texensis0 aTemporal Shifts in Conspicuousness Mate Attraction Displays of t a963-9750 v1103 a

Conspicuous mate attraction displays can simultaneously draw the attention of potential mates and predators, placing the signaller in peril of becoming prey. The balance between these countervailing forms of selection has the potential to shape mate attraction displays. Male Texas field crickets (Gryllus texensis; Orthoptera) signal acoustically to attract mates. Mating signals also attract acoustically orienting parasitoid flies (Ormia ochracea; Tachinidae). Both the abundance of female crickets and parasitoid flies fluctuates throughout the night. We show mate attraction displays exhibit diel shifts that correlate positively with expected female cricket presence and negatively with expected parasitoid fly activity. During early evening, when parasitoids are most common and mating is scarce, crickets signal less often and with reduced conspicuousness. During the second half of the evening, when sexually receptive females are abundant and parasitoids are scarce, crickets signal more often and with enhanced conspicuousness. These diel shifts in mate attraction displays do not appear to result from male crickets detecting parasitoid flies or female crickets and altering their behaviour accordingly. Males in close proximity to parasitoid flies or female crickets do not signal differently than lone males. Instead, diel pattern shifts in mate attraction displays appear to be a selective response to trade-offs between natural selection via parasitism and sexual selection via mate choice.

1 aBertram, Susan, M.1 aOrozco, Xochitl1 aBellani, Rudy uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/zh-hant/node/5845800421nas a2200121 4500008004100000245005300041210005200094100002300146700002600169700002000195700002200215856006200237 2004 eng d00aResponse of clupeid fish to ultrasound: a review0 aResponse of clupeid fish to ultrasound a review1 aPopper, Arthur, N.1 aPlachta, Dennis, T.T.1 aMann, David, A.1 aHiggs, Dennis, M. uhttps://academic.oup.com/icesjms/article/61/7/1057/87788801864nas a2200193 4500008004100000245006500041210006400106520117900170653004101349653002101390653001901411653002201430100002201452700001601474700002201490700001601512700001601528856012601544 2004 eng d00aStudying the Song Development Process: Rationale and Methods0 aStudying the Song Development Process Rationale and Methods3 a

Current technology makes it possible to measure song development continuously throughout a vocal ontogeny. Here we briefly review some of the problems involved and describe experimental and analytic methods for automatic tracing of vocal changes. These techniques make it possible to characterize the specific methods the bird uses to imitate sounds: an automated song recognition procedure allows continuous song recording, followed by automated sound analysis that partition the song to syllables, extract acoustic features of each syllable, and summarize the entire song development process over time into a single database. The entire song development is then presentable in the form of images or movie clips. These Dynamic Vocal Development (DVD) maps show how each syllable type emerges, and how the bird manipulates syllable features to eventually approximate the model song. Most of the experimental and analytic methods described here have been organized into a software package, which also allows combined neural and sound recording to monitor changes in brain activity as vocal learning occurs. The software is available at http://ofer.sci.ccny.cuny.edu.

10aDynamic Vocal Development (DVD) maps10asong development10asound analysis10asound spectrogram1 aTCHERNICHOVSKI, O1 aLINTS, T, J1 aDERÉGNAUCOURT, S1 aCIMENSER, A1 aMITRA, P, P uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1196/annals.1298.031https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1196%2Fannals.1298.03101454nas a2200145 4500008004100000245003800041210003800079520104400117100001901161700002501180700001801205700002001223700001801243856004701261 2004 eng d00aEocene evolution of whale hearing0 aEocene evolution of whale hearing3 a

The origin of whales (order Cetacea) is one of the best-documented examples of macroevolutionary change in vertebrates1,2,3. As the earliest whales became obligately marine, all of their organ systems adapted to the new environment. The fossil record indicates that this evolutionary transition took less than 15 million years, and that different organ systems followed different evolutionary trajectories. Here we document the evolutionary changes that took place in the sound transmission mechanism of the outer and middle ear in early whales. Sound transmission mechanisms change early on in whale evolution and pass through a stage (in pakicetids) in which hearing in both air and water is unsophisticated. This intermediate stage is soon abandoned and is replaced (in remingtonocetids and protocetids) by a sound transmission mechanism similar to that in modern toothed whales. The mechanism of these fossil whales lacks sophistication, and still retains some of the key elements that land mammals use to hear airborne sound.

1 aNummela, Sirpa1 aThewissen, J., G. M.1 aBajpai, Sunil1 aHussain, Taseer1 aKumar, Kishor uhttp://www.nature.com/articles/nature0272001634nas a2200109 4500008004100000245012700041210006900168520107300237100001901310700001301329856018201342 2004 eng d00aAutomated identification of field-recorded songs of four British grasshoppers using bioacoustic signal recognitionAbstract0 aAutomated identification of fieldrecorded songs of four British 3 a

Recognition of Orthoptera species by means of their song is widely used in field work but requires expertise. It is now possible to develop computer-based systems to achieve the same task with a number of advantages including continuous long term unattended operation and automatic species logging. The system described here achieves automated discrimination between different species by utilizing a novel time domain signal coding technique and an artificial neural network. The system has previously been shown to recognize 25 species of British Orthoptera with 99% accuracy for good quality sounds. This paper tests the system on field recordings of four species of grasshopper in northern England in 2002 and shows that it is capable of not only correctly recognizing the target species under a range of acoustic conditions but also of recognizing other sounds such as birds and man-made sounds. Recognition accuracies for the four species of typically 70–100% are obtained for field recordings with varying sound intensities and background signals.

1 aChesmore, E.D.1 aOhya, E. uhttps://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0007485304000331/type/journal_articlehttps://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S000748530400033101759nas a2200181 4500008004100000245014700041210007000188520109900258653003301357653001001390653003001400653001501430653002501445100001401470700001901484700001901503856005501522 2004 eng d00aThe rôle of call frequency and the auditory papillae in phonotactic behavior in male Dart-poison frogs Epipedobates femoralis (Dendrobatidae)0 arôle of call frequency and the auditory papillae in phonotactic 3 a

Territorial males of the pan-Amazonian Dart- poison frog, Epipedobates femoralis, are known to present stereotypic phonotactic responses to the play- back of conspecific and synthetic calls. Fixed site attachment and a long calling period within an envi- ronment of little temperature change render this terres- trial and diurnal pan-Amazonian frog a rewarding species for field bioacoustics. In experiments at the field station Arataı ̈, French Guiana, we tested whether the prominent frequency modulation of the advertisement- call notes is critical for eliciting phonotactic responses. Substitution of the natural upward sweep by either a pure tone within the species frequency range or a reverse sweep did not alter the males’ phonotactic behavior. Playbacks with artificial advertisement calls embedded in high levels of either low-pass or high-pass masking noise designed to saturate nerve fibers from either the amphibian papilla or basilar papilla showed that male phonotactic behavior in this species is subserved by activation of the basilar papilla of the inner ear.

10aAcoustic playback experiment10aAnura10aCall frequency modulation10aphonotaxis10aTerritorial behavior1 aHödl, W.1 aAmézquita, A.1 aNarins, P., M. uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00359-004-0536-101026nas a2200109 4500008004100000245003600041210003600077520069800113100002700811700002500838856005300863 2004 eng d00aPsychophysics in insect hearing0 aPsychophysics in insect hearing3 a

Psychophysics has much to offer the study of insect hearing. Not only is there a rich set of experimental methods to apply, there is a large body of experimental work on vertebrate hearing that can suggest topics for investigation and provide material for cross‐species comparisons. We present an overview of the methods of psychophysics, followed by specific examples of their use in insects. Topics covered include intensity discrimination, frequency analysis and discrimination, temporal integration and acuity, and localization. We conclude by pointing out additional areas of research suggested by the reviewed work and areas in which a psychophysical approach would be useful.

1 aWyttenbach, Robert, A.1 aFarris, Hamilton, E. uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/%28ISSN%291097-002901664nas a2200133 4500008004100000245006800041210006800109520114900177653009101326100002201417700002101439700002001460856005001480 2004 eng d00aSound production during competitive feeding in the grey gurnard0 aSound production during competitive feeding in the grey gurnard3 a

The acoustic repertoire of captive grey gurnard Eutrigla gurnardus during competitive feeding consisted of three types of sound: knocks, grunts and growls. Knocks were audible as a single sound, whereas grunts and growls were perceived as longer, pulsed sounds to the human ear. Typically, knocks were composed of 1–2 pulses, grunts of 4–8 pulses and growls >10 pulses. Growls were longer and had shorter pulse periods than grunts. All sound types had peak frequencies of c. 500 Hz. The sequences of behaviours observed during feeding interactions suggest that grey gurnard obtain food both by scramble and contest tactics. Competing fish emitted knocks mainly while grasping a food item and also during other non‐agonistic behaviour, suggesting that knock production may reflect a state of feeding arousal but could also serve as a warning of the forager's presence to nearby competitors. Grunts were mainly emitted during frontal displays, which were the most frequent behavioural act preceding grasps, suggesting that they may play a role in deterring other fish from gaining access to disputed food items.

10aagonistic behaviour; bioacoustics; calling; scramble and contest competition; teleosts1 aAmorim, M., C. P.1 aStratoudakis, Y.1 aHawkins, A., D. uhttp://www.blackwell-synergy.com/toc/jfb/65/101805nas a2200109 4500008004100000245004000041210003800081520148300119100002001602700002601622856004701648 2004 eng d00aHarmonic-hopping in Wallacea's bats0 aHarmonichopping in Wallaceas bats3 a

Evolutionary divergence between species is facilitated by ecological shifts, and divergence is particularly rapid when such shifts also promote assortative mating1,2,3. Horseshoe bats are a diverse Old World family (Rhinolophidae) that have undergone a rapid radiation in the past 5 million years4. These insectivorous bats use a predominantly pure-tone echolocation call matched to an auditory fovea (an over-representation of the pure-tone frequency in the cochlea and inferior colliculus5,6) to detect the minute changes in echo amplitude and frequency generated when an insect flutters its wings7. The emitted signal is the accentuated second harmonic of a series in which the fundamental and remaining harmonics are filtered out8. Here we show that three distinct, sympatric size morphs of the large-eared horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus philippinensis) echolocate at different harmonics of the same fundamental frequency. These morphs have undergone recent genetic divergence, and this process has occurred in parallel more than once9. We suggest that switching harmonics creates a discontinuity in the bats' perception of available prey that can initiate disruptive selection1. Moreover, because call frequency in horseshoe bats has a dual function in resource acquisition and communication, ecological selection on frequency might lead to assortative mating and ultimately reproductive isolation and speciation, regardless of external barriers to gene flow1,2,3.

1 aKingston, Tigga1 aRossiter, Stephen, J. uhttp://www.nature.com/articles/nature0248701130nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245005500055210005500110260001600165300001400181490000700195520071300202100002200915856004700937 2004 eng d a1063-771000aSome results of studying the acoustics of dolphins0 aSome results of studying the acoustics of dolphins cJan-05-2004 a343 - 3490 v503 a

An experimental study of the echolocation ability of dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) is performed in the presence of correlated and uncorrelated broadband noise acting on their organs of hearing. It is shown that, under such conditions, the echolocating pulses of a dolphin become noticeably modified: in the absence of noise, standard broadband pulses are produced, while in the presence of noise, the pulses acquire an oscillatory character (become narrowband). Sounds and air pressure that occur inside the respiratory tract of a dolphin when the animal produces whistles and pulsed signals are studied. Data testifying in favor of the pneumatic origin of sounds generated by dolphins are obtained.

1 aRomanenko, E., V. uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1134/1.173950301746nas a2200121 4500008004100000245013300041210006900174520120600243653005701449100002701506700002501533856006601558 2004 eng d00aAcoustic monitoring on a humpback whale ( Megaptera novaeangliae) feeding ground shows continual singing into late spring0 aAcoustic monitoring on a humpback whale iMegaptera novaeangliaei3 a

Singing by males is a major feature of the mating system of humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae (Borowski). Although a few songs have been opportunistically recorded on the whales' high–latitude feeding grounds, singing in these regions was thought to be only sporadic. We report results from the first continuous acoustic monitoring of a humpback whale feeding ground (off Cape Cod, MA, USA) in spring. Using autonomous sea–floor recording systems, we found singing on a daily basis over the entire 25 day monitoring period, from 14 May to 7 June 2000. For much of the period, song was recorded 24 h per day. These results, combined with evidence for aseasonal conceptions in whaling catch data, suggest that the humpback whale breeding season should no longer be considered as confined to lower–latitude regions in winter. Rather, we suggest breeding extends geographically and temporally onto feeding grounds into at least spring and early summer. Singing at these times represents either low–cost opportunistic advertising by (perhaps relatively few) males to court females that failed to conceive during the winter, and/or possibly an intrasexual display.

10ahumpback whale; song; mating systems; North Atlantic1 aClark, Christopher, W.1 aClapham, Phillip, J. uhttps://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2004.269902048nas a2200121 4500008004100000245009200041210006900133520147400202100001601676700002101692700001901713856019401732 2004 eng d00aVoice of a giant: bioacoustic data for Mantidactylus guttulatus (Amphibia: Mantellidae)0 aVoice of a giant bioacoustic data for Mantidactylus guttulatus A3 a

The endemic radiation of mantellid frogs from Madagascar (Richards et al., 2000; Vences and Glaw, 2001; Vences et al., 2002) includes a large diversity in terms of morphological and ecological adaptations (Blommers-Schloesser and Blanc, 1991). The smallest species have adult snout-vent lengths of only 11-16 mm, while the two largest species reach more than 100 mm: Mantidactylus guttulatus (up to 120 mm) and M. grandidieri (up to 108 mm). In the large genus Mantidactylus (currently about 75 species in 12 subgenera), M. guttulatus is the type species of the subgenus and genus Mantidactylus (Andreone, in press). These giant Malagasy frogs are widespread in the rainforests of the island and are relative easy to observe. They are quite regularly consumed for food (under the local name of "radakabe" or "radaka") and can be seen for sale on markets. However, their ecology is so far largely unknown. They are semiaquatic species living in small to medium-sized brooks and torrents but their reproductive behaviour, eggs, tadpoles and vocalizations remained undescribed except for the observation of large oocytes (4- 5 mm) in dissected gravid females. Glaw and Vences (1994) described distress calls of M. grandidieri and hypothesized that, regarding advertisement calls, M. guttulatus may be a non-calling species. In this paper we describe for the first time the advertisement calls of a representative of the subgenus Mantidactylus.

1 aGlaw, Frank1 aAndreone, Franco1 aVences, Miguel uhttps://brill.com/view/journals/amre/25/1/article-p112_11.xmlhttps://data.brill.com/files/journals/15685381_025_01_s011_text.pdfhttps://brill.com/view/journals/amre/25/1/article-p112_11.xml02383nas a2200145 4500008004100000245014700041210006900188260001600257300001200273490000700285520184100292100002902133700002202162856005302184 2004 eng d00aThe spiny devil katydids, Panacanthus Walker (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae): an evolutionary study of acoustic behaviour and morphological traits0 aspiny devil katydids Panacanthus Walker Orthoptera Tettigoniidae cJan-01-2004 a21 - 570 v293 a

A cladistic analysis and systematic revision of the genus Panacanthus accompanies the description of three new species, with calling songs reported for four species. The evolutionary origin of spines is considered as a defensive mechanism in Panacanthus; both morphological and behavioural (i.e. acoustic) traits allow inferences about relationships. Phylogenetic analysis produced one most parsimonious cladogram eighty‐two steps long, with the ensemble consistency index = 0.84. Panacanthus cuspidatus and P. pallicornis (formerly Storniza Walker 1869, Martinezia Bolivar 1881) are properly incorporated in Panacanthus. On morphology, Panacanthus is more related to the Neotropical Copiphora and Lirometopum than to the Old World Lesina. Character analysis reveals that in Panacanthus the ancestral condition of calling song resonance (the production of musical sounds) has given rise to a more nonresonant (transient) stridulation. A correlation between the production of more complex sound waves and spinous protection of the body (especially the pronotum) is noted. Because early workers grouped Panacanthus with other spiny genera, based on pronotal morphology, we present a critique of the evolutionary and ecological implications of the development of defensive spines in this genus. This approach may be applied to other taxa using a similar protective mechanism. We advise against arrangement of the pronotal, cephalic and femoral armature as a homologous characteristic across subfamilies. Several pronotal processes and modifications evolved independently in other genera of Conocephalinae, Hetrodinae, Pseudophyllinae and Phaneropterinae. The pronotal structure of Panacanthus is unique and may be taken as a synapomorphic characteristic of all its species and as an autapomorphic feature of the genus.

1 aMontealegre-Z., Fernando1 aMorris, Glenn, K. uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/sen.2004.29.issue-100505nam a2200145 4500008004100000020001500041245007600056210006900132260003700201300000800238100002300246700002100269700002300290856004600313 2004 eng d a080148948200aField Guide to Grasshoppers, Katydids and Crickets of the United States0 aField Guide to Grasshoppers Katydids and Crickets of the United  aIthacabCornell University Press a2491 aCapinera, John, L.1 aScott, Ralph, D.1 aWalker, Thomas, J. uhttps://bio.acousti.ca/zh-hant/node/4792801803nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001400041245009400055210006900149260001600218300001600234490000800250520132600258100002201584856005101606 2004 eng d a0001-496600aHabitat-dependent ambient noise: Consistent spectral profiles in two African forest types0 aHabitatdependent ambient noise Consistent spectral profiles in t cJan-12-2004 a3727 - 37330 v1163 a

Many animal species use acoustic signals to attract mates, to defend territories, or to convey information that may contribute to their fitness in other ways. However, the natural environment is usually filled with competing sounds. Therefore, if ambient noise conditions are relatively constant, acoustic interference can drive evolutionary changes in animal signals. Furthermore, masking noise may cause acoustic divergence between populations of the same species if noise conditions differ consistently among habitats. In this study, ambient noise was sampled in a replicate set of sites in two habitat types in Cameroon: contiguous rainforest and ecotone forest patches north of the rainforest. The noise characteristics of the two forest types show significant and consistent differences. Multiple samples taken at two rainforest sites in different seasons vary little and remain distinct from those in ecotone forest. The rainforest recordings show many distinctive frequency bands, with a general increase in amplitude from low to high frequencies. Ecotone forest only shows a distinctive high-frequency band at some parts of the day. Habitat-dependent abiotic and biotic sound sources and to some extent habitat-dependent sound transmission are the likely causes of these habitat-dependent noise spectra.

1 aSlabbekoorn, Hans uhttp://asa.scitation.org/doi/10.1121/1.181112102351nas a2200145 4500008004100000022001300041245010700054210006900161260001600230300001400246490000700260520184900267100002302116856006602139 2004 eng d a0003347200aGenotypic variation in calling song and female preferences of the field cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus0 aGenotypic variation in calling song and female preferences of th cJan-08-2004 a313 - 3220 v683 a

Geographically isolated populations often show phenotypic divergence in traits important in reproduction. A large proportion of the phenotypic variation in temporal parameters of the calling song of the field cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus is related to geographical location. Similarity between the songs recorded in different populations reflects geographical proximity. I used a common-garden breeding experiment to determine whether differences between the songs of two populations from the extremes of the geographical and phenotypic distribution (Oahu, Hawaii and Cairns, Australia) have a genetic basis. Differences in the total song duration and the proportion of the long-chirp element in the song remained after five generations of common-garden breeding, indicating that the populations had diverged genetically for these traits. Differences in a third song trait, the intervals between sound pulses and chirps, disappeared after common-garden breeding, suggesting that either the difference between populations in these traits represents phenotypic plasticity or the populations converged as a result of adaptation to the laboratory environment. A prospective analysis of the patterns of genetic variation within populations is presented. Full-sib analyses suggested high levels of genetic variability in song traits. Family mean covariance matrices suggested that populations differ in the genetic architecture of their songs. Females from both populations preferred songs with a high proportion of the long-chirp element, and preferences appeared to have high genetic and residual variability, although the sampling variances on these parameters were high. There was little evidence of a correlation between female preference for the long-chirp element and the amount of the long-chirp element produced by their brothers.

1 aSimmons, Leigh, W. uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S000334720400165401171nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245012200055210006900177260001600246300001400262490000700276520059100283100003100874700002000905856008800925 2004 eng d a1399-560X00aA revision of Neotropical Eneopterinae crickets (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Eneopteridae) with a phylogenetic discussion0 arevision of Neotropical Eneopterinae crickets Orthoptera Grylloi cJan-10-2004 a411 - 4350 v353 a

A revision of Eneopterinae crickets from the Neotropical region is achieved in a cladistic perspective using for the first time characters of male and female genitalia and male forewing venation. Each genus is redefined and its monophyly assessed with reference to all known Eneopterinae genera. 6 new species are described (Eneoptera gracilis, E. nigripedis, Ligypterus belmontensis, L. linharensis, L. pernambucensis and Ponca hebardi) and an identification key is proposed for both males and females. Phylogenetic relationships are discussed and distributions characterised.

1 aDesutter-Grandcolas, Laure1 aRobillard, Tony uhttp://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/18763120478891242701980nas a2200205 4500008004100000022001400041245005600055210005300111260001600164300001400180490000800194520140300202653002401605653001201629653002701641653001201668653001701680100002201697856005501719 2004 eng d a0340-759400aLong-distance, low-frequency elephant communication0 aLongdistance lowfrequency elephant communication cJan-10-2004 a791 - 8050 v1903 a

The production, transmission, and reception of and the behavioral response to long-distance, low-frequency sound by elephants is reviewed. The structure of low-frequency calls generated by elephants is separated into the “source” and the “filter” roles played by the lungs, larynx and vocal track, the composition of the expired air and the ambient air temperature. Implications regarding the size, age, sex, sexual and physical status follow from the call structure and detection. Reception of the signal is discussed in terms of the characteristics of the elephant’s ear with particular attention to the determination of the threshold of hearing and the ability to locate the source of low-frequency sounds. Factors which influence the transmission of near infrasound are related to atmospheric structure. The critical role played by the thermal stratification and vertical gradient and magnitude of the wind in determining both the range and the detection of a signal are discussed for open and closed elephant habitats. Infrasound plays a pervasive role in reproduction, resource utilization, avoidance of predation and other social interactions. Current and future technology can be expected to contribute to the detection and interpretation of elephant communication. This will aid in the understanding of behavior and in efforts to sustain the species.

10abehavioral response10acalling10aElephant communication10ahearing10atransmission1 aGarstang, Michael uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00359-004-0553-002265nas a2200169 4500008004100000245015200041210006900193300001200262490000700274520167200281653001801953653001501971653002001986653002402006100002302030856004202053 2004 eng d00aReproductive Behavior of Ground Weta (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae): Drumming Behavior, Nuptial Feeding, Post-copulatory Guarding and Maternal Care0 aReproductive Behavior of Ground Weta Orthoptera Anostostomatidae a414-4280 v773 a

Compared to other ensiferan Orthoptera such as true crickets (Gryllidae) and katydids (Tettigoniidae) relatively little is known about the reproductive behavior of Anostostomatidae (formerly Stenopelmatidae), the king crickets, weta and allies. Moreover, although the New Zealand species (the weta) are best known, there is little knowledge of the biology of ground weta (Hemiandrus species), a variable genus especially with regard to ovipositor length. This paper presents observations of mating and post-mating behavior of several Hemiandrus species with short ovipositors. Sexually active males and females drum their abdomens on the substrate, apparently as local signals for mate attraction (pheromones may be involved in long distance communication). After mating there is both maternal and paternal investment. Females provide care to eggs and young larvae and males provide a spermatophylax to the female, a mating meal that, in other ensiferan Orthoptera can be an important source of nutrition. In contrast to other ensiferans, however, the spermatophylax of Hemiandrus species with short ovipositors is deposited on the female’s abdomen, a separate location from the sperm ampulla. The spermatophylax is deposited while the male is attached to the female’s underside, apparently to her modified 6th abdominal sternite. Also, in contrast to related taxa, males remain with their mates while the mating meal is eaten. These observations indicate that ground weta are excellent systems for examining behavioral and ecological questions about the evolution of complex signals, as well as the evolution of maternal and paternal investment.

10acommunication10aHemiandrus10amating behavior10aparental investment1 aGwynne, Darryl, T. uhttp://www.jstor.org/stable/25086232 02500nas a2200157 4500008004100000022001400041245012700055210006900182260001600251490000700267520188300274100002202157700002402179700002102203856011802224 2004 eng d a1438-389600aStridulation variability and morphology: an examination in dung beetles of the genus Trypocopris (Coleoptera, Geotrupidae)0 aStridulation variability and morphology an examination in dung b cJan-04-20040 v463 aDistress signals produced by dung beetles of the genus Trypocopris (Coleoptera, Geotrupidae) were analysed to test whether interspecific and intraspecific acoustic variability are species- and subspecies-specific and to ascertain to what extent bioacoustic parameters depend upon the morphology of the stridulatory organs (pars stridens). Bioacoustic analyses showed that the three species were clearly differentiated, despite the fact that disturbance stridulations presented the same stereotyped spectrographic pattern. Within each species, most of the subspecies and populations considered were also bioacoustically distinguishable. Subspecies and populations within each species were differentiated with regard to body size and stridulatory organ, and the length of the pars stridens was positively correlated with the width of the coxa, in turn positively correlated with body size. A few spectrographic measures were significantly constrained by the morphology of the stridulatory apparatus; in particular the duration of sound emission was positively correlated with the length of the apparatus and the sub-pulse rate was negatively related to the distance between two consecutive crests. For T. pyrenaeus, with the largest number of populations sampled, there was no significant correlation between morphological and spectrographic distances, but there were significant positive correlations between morphological and geographical distances and between morphological and genetic distances. It is hypothesized that genetic differentiation might directly affect variability of the stridulatory apparata which would also be indirectly influenced and constrained by external morphological traits (like the width of the coxa and body size). Stridulatory organs, in turn, would affect the ways a few stridulatory traits (especially the temporal ones) change in time and space.1 aCarisio, Loredana1 aPalestrini, Claudia1 aRolando, Antonio uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10144-004-0170-3http://www.springerlink.com/index/pdf/10.1007/s10144-004-0170-3