Song structure and singing activity of two separate humpback whales populations wintering off the coast of Caño Island in Costa Rica

Central American (CA) and Breeding Stock-G (BSG) humpback whales are known to winter off Caño Island, Costa Rica at different times of the year. To study their singing behavior, autonomous underwater recorders were used to record the whales. Song detection for BSG whales was higher than CA whales, and song structure was distinct for each population. No strong evidence for cross-equatorial connectivity was found. This study provides the first humpback whale song reference for both populations in Costa Rica, which can help advance understanding of CA and BSG whale song rate of change and connectivity with other wintering areas.